化学镀表面改性技术在材料多功能特性构建中的研究进展

蔡豪男; 姜金沅; 吴国界; 夏思奇; 李如钰; 黄东方; 周权宝; 吕朋; 王学刚

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.08.012

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (8) : 150-167. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.08.012

功能表面及技术

化学镀表面改性技术在材料多功能特性构建中的研究进展

蔡豪男^a, 姜金沅^b, 吴国界^a, 夏思奇^a, 李如钰^b, 黄东方^a, 周权宝^b, 吕朋^a,c,*, 王学刚^a,c,*

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Electroless Plating Surface Modification Technology in the Construction of Multifunctional Properties of Materials

CAI Haonan^a, JIANG Jinyuan^b, WU Guojie^a, XIA Siqi^a, LI Ruyu^b, HUANG Dongfang^a, ZHOU Quanbao^b, LYU Peng^a,c,*, WANG Xuegang^a,c,*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

化学镀作为一种基于自催化还原反应的高效表面处理技术,在材料改性领域发挥着关键作用。该技术通过在不同基体表面构筑功能化镀层,能够针对性地满足某些特定的功能需求。本文系统综述了近年来化学镀技术在材料功能化方面的研究进展,并依据“功能目标”将其应用归纳为四类,即结构强化类、界面功能化类、能量传输类及功能响应类。相关研究表明,通过调控金属/合金组分、工艺参数或构筑异质结构等手段,可以精确设计化学镀层的成分与微观结构,从而有效改变材料表面性能,并针对性赋予其优异的多功能特性。然而,该技术目前仍存在一些不足,主要表现在缺乏可推广的定量分析模型、镀液配方稳定性与循环利用率有待提升,以及统一的工艺标准尚未建立。在未来的研究中,需依托多尺度表征与第一性原理计算分析,进一步推动化学镀技术在可量化机理与绿色工艺等方面的发展,建立“成分-结构-性能”之间的精准对应关系,从而促进该技术从实验室研究向工业化及可持续应用的转化。

Abstract

Electroless plating is a highly promising surface modification technology for materials. Its fundamental principle involves using a strong reducing agent in a metal ion solution to reduce metal ions into an elemental metal, which is then deposited onto the substrate surface to form a dense coating. The work aims to review the significant advantages of electroless plating in constructing multifunctional material properties, including the ability to form uniform and dense coatings on substrates with complex structures, broad process adaptability, and relatively simple equipment. Based on this, the recent research progress in electroless plating technology for constructing material functional characteristics is reviewed. The applications are categorized into four "functional objectives", including structural strengthening, interfacial functionalization, energy transmission, and stimulus-responsive functionality.
The structural reinforcement is mainly achieved by using deposition coatings to withstand external loads or internal stresses. With a nickel-based coating as an example, electroless plating technology can bond the nickel coating to the material substrate, enhancing the hardness of the material surface and improving the load-bearing capacity and wear resistance of the material. For the interface functionalization, the chemical properties of the coating are adjusted to regulate the interaction between the material and the environment, thereby endowing the material with specific functions. For example, the antibacterial effect of the material can be enhanced by the chemical silver plating method. The core of energy transport lies in establishing efficient energy transmission channels through the coating. By using electroless plating technology to deposit different functional coatings on the surface of materials, different external transmission channels can be created. For example, electroless copper plating of insulating materials can form continuous metal conductive paths, enabling the insulating materials to achieve efficient electron transmission. In stimuli-responsive applications, electroless plating enables materials to perceive and respond to external stimuli by constructing specific responsive coatings on the material surface. This allows the materials to transition from a static state to a dynamic sensing state. A typical example is the application of electroless plating technology to deposit a soft magnetic layer on the surface of the material. This layer has a high magnetic permeability that can sensitively respond to changes in the external magnetic field and achieve efficient magnetic-to-electrical signal conversion through a significant magnetic impedance effect.
For each category, typical coating systems, mechanisms, and representative applications are summarized. Relevant studies indicate that by adjusting different coating compositions (such as Ni-P, Ni-B, Cu, Ag, Pd, and their composite systems) and microstructures, the surface properties of materials can be effectively modified, thereby endowing material surfaces with excellent multifunctional characteristics in a targeted manner. Among these, Ni-P-based coatings exhibit broad applicability due to their tunable composition and microstructure, as well as ease of integration with functional materials, including properties such as plasticity and corrosion resistance. Noble metals (e.g., Pd and Ru/Pd) demonstrate unique advantages in hydrogen storage and permeation properties, while Ag and Cu are more conducive to enhancing electrical conductivity, thermal insulation, and antibacterial functions. However, electroless plating technology still faces several challenges, including the lack of widely applicable quantitative analysis models, insufficient stability in continuous processes, low recycling efficiency of plating solutions, and the absence of unified standards for testing methods and evaluation metrics. In conclusion, further research needs to continuously advance the development of electroless plating technology in areas such as quantifiable mechanisms and green processes, to accelerate its transformation from laboratory achievements to industrial and sustainable applications.

导出引用

蔡豪男, 姜金沅, 吴国界, 夏思奇, 李如钰, 黄东方, 周权宝, 吕朋, 王学刚. 化学镀表面改性技术在材料多功能特性构建中的研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(8): 150-167

CAI Haonan, JIANG Jinyuan, WU Guojie, XIA Siqi, LI Ruyu, HUANG Dongfang, ZHOU Quanbao, LYU Peng, WANG Xuegang. Research Progress on Electroless Plating Surface Modification Technology in the Construction of Multifunctional Properties of Materials[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(8): 150-167

中图分类号： TG174.4

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