难熔高熵合金设计及防护涂层应用研究进展

李牧阳; 汪刘应; 刘顾; 王滨; 葛超群; 张立璇; 康卿饴

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.07.015

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (7) : 179-200. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.07.015

装备表面工程

难熔高熵合金设计及防护涂层应用研究进展

李牧阳, 汪刘应^*, 刘顾, 王滨, 葛超群, 张立璇, 康卿饴

作者信息 +

Research Advances in the Design of Refractory High-entropy Alloys and Applications of Protective Coatings

LI Muyang, WANG Liuying^*, LIU Gu, WANG Bin, GE Chaoqun, ZHANG Lixuan, KANG Qingyi

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

难熔高熵合金作为一种由多种高熔点元素组成的新型合金体系,因其在高温强度、热稳定性、耐腐蚀性等方面表现出优异性能,已成为极端环境防护材料研究的热点。但现阶段针对难熔高熵合金涂层的研究多局限于单一的制备工艺探索与基础性能表征,理论研究不够细致,在成分设计方面仍存在机理不统一的问题,同涂层成形质量控制及缺陷形成机理等方面尚存诸多争议与瓶颈。基于此,本文重点剖析了成分设计中的理论矛盾,系统梳理了价电子浓度、原子尺寸差异及混合焓等热力学参数对相结构稳定性的影响规律。深入对比了激光熔覆、磁控溅射及等离子喷涂等主流制备工艺的技术特点,明晰了不同制备工艺优缺以及与涂层缺陷间的构效关系。此外,本文还探讨了该类涂层在抗高温氧化、耐磨损及抗辐射等特定场景下的应用现状。最后指出,未来难熔高熵合金涂层发展的关键在于通过机器学习辅助设计实现集成化、利用原位监测技术实现工艺精细化,以期为难熔高熵合金涂层未来的发展及应用方向提供借鉴参考。

Abstract

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), a novel class of materials composed of multiple high- melting-point elements, have emerged as promising candidates for extreme environment applications owing to their exceptional high-temperature strength, excellent thermal stability, and superior corrosion resistance. Typically comprising five or more principal elements in nearly equiatomic proportions, these alloys exhibit unique microstructural and mechanical characteristics that make them particularly suitable for demanding sectors such as aerospace, nuclear energy, and high-temperature chemical processing. The outstanding performance of RHEAs is primarily attributed to their inherent single-phase solid solution structures, which confers enhanced thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and wear resistance at elevated temperatures. Despite the potential, challenges still remain in optimizing the compositional design and refining the fabrication techniques for RHEAs, particularly in their use as protective coatings.
This review systematically investigates the advances in the compositional design, preparation methods, and applications of RHEA-based protective coatings. The design of RHEAs is complex, as their multicomponent nature requires balancing factors such as atomic size differences, electronegativity, and valence electron concentration to stabilize the desired phases. The strategies for designing these alloys involve semi-empirical criteria to predict phase stability, component selection based on application-specific needs, and the integration of computational tools, such as machine learning and materials informatics, which are increasingly being utilized to expedite the discovery and optimization of new alloy compositions. While current theoretical models have provided valuable insights into RHEA phase formation, further refinement is needed to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying principles guiding their design. In terms of application, RHEA coatings have garnered considerable attention for their potential to enhance the performance of materials exposed to harsh environments. The use of RHEA coatings offers significant advantages in improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of materials subjected to extreme conditions. This review critically evaluates several coating techniques, including laser cladding, magnetron sputtering, and thermal spraying, which have been employed for RHEA coating preparation. Laser cladding, known for its ability to produce dense and durable coatings, is particularly suitable for applications that require high wear resistance and high-temperature stability. Magnetron sputtering, on the other hand, provides excellent control over the coating thickness and uniformity, making it ideal for producing thin, high-performance coatings. However, challenges such as oxidation during thermal spraying and the development of residual stresses in laser-clad coatings continue to impede the widespread industrial application of these materials. These issues, along with difficulties in achieving compositional homogeneity during processing, hinder the scalability of RHEA-based coatings for commercial use. Moreover, the growing potential of RHEA coatings in various extreme environments are explored. In aerospace, the need for advanced high-temperature materials is critical, and RHEAs offer a viable alternative to traditional nickel-based superalloys. The ability of RHEAs to maintain their mechanical integrity at elevated temperatures and resist oxidation makes them ideal for use in turbine engines and other high-stress aerospace components. In the nuclear energy sector, RHEAs demonstrate exceptional resistance to radiation-induced damage, which is essential for materials used in reactor components. Additionally, the excellent corrosion resistance of RHEAs positions them as ideal candidates for marine applications, particularly in the deep-sea exploration and offshore drilling industries, where equipment is subject to severe environmental stressors.
Looking toward the future, several key directions for advancing RHEA research are identified. One critical area is the integration of material design with process optimization, which includes enhancing fabrication techniques to control the microstructure and phase evolution of RHEA coatings. The continued development of high-throughput experimental methodologies, coupled with computational modeling, will be pivotal in overcoming current limitations and facilitating the scalable production of RHEA-based coatings. Furthermore, future work should focus on addressing the challenges associated with the long-term performance of RHEA coatings in complex operational environments, ensuring their reliability and durability in real-world applications.

导出引用

李牧阳, 汪刘应, 刘顾, 王滨, 葛超群, 张立璇, 康卿饴. 难熔高熵合金设计及防护涂层应用研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(7): 179-200

LI Muyang, WANG Liuying, LIU Gu, WANG Bin, GE Chaoqun, ZHANG Lixuan, KANG Qingyi. Research Advances in the Design of Refractory High-entropy Alloys and Applications of Protective Coatings[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(7): 179-200

中图分类号： TG174

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