目的 旨在开发一种通过对液滴动态行为的精准调控,从而延缓结冰过程并提升表面抗冰性能的仿生表面。方法 采用电火花加工技术在6061铝合金表面构建仿槐叶萍爪状微结构,结合低表面能物质修饰,制备具有微/纳复合层次的超疏水表面。利用高速摄像系统观测液滴冲击动力学行为,并结合数值模拟分析液滴铺展、回弹及三相接触线演变过程。通过自制结冰测试平台评估表面在低温条件下的抗结冰性能,并进行不同水深下的抗浸润稳定性测试。结果 仿生表面表现出优异的超疏水性,表观接触角达152.5°。液滴冲击实验表明,该表面能诱导液滴由轴向铺展转为法向铺展,显著抑制Worthington射流,液滴接触时间缩短至11 ms,去除效率达32%。倾斜表面仍能实现液滴有效去除。抗结冰测试显示,该表面可显著延缓结冰时间,积雪在33 s内完全融化并在轻微气流扰动下迅速脱离。经50 mm水深浸泡30 min后,表面接触角仍保持在151°,气膜稳定性良好。结论 成功构建了一种具有两级“气垫效应”的仿生超疏水表面,通过微结构设计结合表面化学改性,实现了对液滴动态行为的有效调控和结冰过程的显著延缓。该表面在倾斜、低温及水下环境中均表现出良好的稳定性与抗浸润能力,具备在复杂环境中应用的潜力,为仿生防冰表面的设计与制备提供了理论与实践依据。
Abstract
This represents an efficient and convenient anti-icing strategy that enables droplets to spontaneously detach before freezing. Inspired by the unique hierarchical morphology and exceptional wettability of the aquatic plant Salvinia natans, this study proposes a novel biomimetic surface to achieve highly efficient anti-icing and de-icing performance. The core innovation lies in replicating key features of Salvinia natans, including its hair-like microstructures and wettability, to engineer a multi-level super hydrophobic surface. This design enables dynamic droplet clearance from the surface while maintaining stable air film retention underwater.
A 6061 aluminum alloy substrate is used as the surface. The processing sequence begins with grinding and polishing using 400- to 2000-grit sandpaper, followed by ultrasonic cleaning with acetone, ethanol, and deionized water. A microstructure mimicking Salvinia natans is fabricated via electrical discharge machining (EDM) with a 0.18 mm molybdenum wire on an HA-400U EDM machine. Subsequently, the surface undergoes chemical modification with 1H,2H,3H-Perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane (FAS-17) to reduce surface energy. The multilevel structure and micro/nano topography are observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and super-depth-of-field microscopy. Wetting properties are evaluated with an OCA20 contact angle meter on 5-microliter deionized water droplets. Water drop impact dynamics are captured at 7039 frames per second with a PCO. dimax HS high-speed camera. Anti-icing performance is evaluated using a custom cryogenic stage equipped with a semiconductor cooler, an infrared thermometer, and an imaging system. Anti-icing performance testing is conducted by lowering the substrate temperature to -10 ℃ (±0.5 ℃) at ambient temperature of (15±2) ℃. The anti-icing capability is analyzed by observing the melting of ice and snow on the test specimens. To evaluate specimen stability, specimens are immersed in water at depths of 10-50 mm and inflated with an air bladder. The resistance to wetting is assessed by observing the retention of the air bladder on the specimen after 30 minutes in water.
In testing, the biomimetic surface demonstrates exceptional superhydrophobicity with a static contact angle of 152.5°. Scanning electron microscopy images confirm the successful formation of a hierarchical micro/nanostructure, where micro-pillars and submicron-scale pits are created via electrical discharge machining. Droplet impact analysis reveals unique dynamics: the surface promotes the transition from axial to normal spreading, suppresses Worthington jet formation, and reduces droplet contact time to 11 milliseconds. Dehumidification efficiency reaches 32%. Droplets are effectively removed even on surfaces inclined at 45°. In snowmelt experiments, accumulated snow completely evaporates within 33 seconds. Meltwater aggregates into movable droplets that detach effortlessly under weak airflow. Stability tests confirm exceptional performance longevity: after 30 minutes immersion in 50 mm deep water, the contact angle remains at 151.3°. Gas injection replenishes the sealed gas film, demonstrating robust long-term durability.
Its anti-icing mechanism stems from a dual "air cushion effect" and hydrophobicity. The microstructure significantly reduces solid-liquid contact area, slows heat conduction, and stabilizes the air layer, thereby effectively inhibiting ice nucleation of droplets on cold surfaces and preventing subsequent droplet adhesion. Even under inclined conditions, the surface achieves effective droplet removal, demonstrating excellent engineering adaptability. This study provides a scalable and durable solution for designing anti-icing surfaces through biomimetic microengineering techniques. It holds broad application prospects in fields with urgent demands for efficient passive anti-icing technologies, such as aviation, wind energy, and maritime operations.
关键词
除冰 /
仿生设计 /
超疏水性 /
附着力低 /
气垫效果
Key words
de-icing /
bionic design /
super hydrophobic /
low adhesion /
air cushion effect
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基金
吉林省科技厅自然科学基金（20260102057JC）
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