光伏玻璃减反射膜层研究进展

孟丹; 任璐; 王鑫娈; 倪嘉; 鲍田; 倪慧楠; 何蒙

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.06.012

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (6) : 158-174. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.06.012

功能表面及技术

光伏玻璃减反射膜层研究进展

孟丹¹, 任璐^1,*, 王鑫娈¹, 倪嘉², 鲍田², 倪慧楠¹, 何蒙³

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Anti-reflective Coatings for Photovoltaic Glass

MENG Dan¹, REN Lu^1,*, WANG Xinluan¹, NI Jia², BAO Tian², NI Huinai¹, HE Meng³

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

光伏玻璃与空气界面的光反射会造成能量损失,镀制减反射膜层是降低该损失的有效解决方案。在常用减反射材料中,SiO₂的折射率（≈1.45）最接近理论最优值,并兼具优异的光学性能与化学稳定性,且经微纳结构调控可实现宽带高效减反射,是兼顾性能、成本和环境友好性的理想选择。随着光伏组件应用场景的延伸,单一性能的SiO₂减反射膜难以满足多元需求,且现有研究在制备工艺优化、膜层结构设计及改性技术创新等核心方向仍缺乏系统性归纳。基于此,本文系统综述了SiO₂减反射膜的研究进展。首先从光伏玻璃减反射膜的机理出发,分析了SiO₂被选为光伏玻璃减反射膜层最常用材料的原因。其次,聚焦当前光伏产业普遍采用的溶胶-凝胶法,围绕其核心化学反应过程,进一步介绍了酸催化、碱催化及酸碱混合催化三种催化方式,并对比了不同催化方式制备减反射膜的特点。此外,归纳了单层、双层、梯度折射率以及有机/无机复合减反射膜,分析了各膜层种类的特点。最后,针对膜层在复杂环境下的耐候性、机械强度、自清洁等多元需求,综述表面改性剂改性、稀土离子掺杂改性及造孔剂改性三种核心技术,阐明各类改性方式对膜层综合性能的优化机制与提升效果。通过对SiO₂减反射膜层近期研究进展的归纳综述,希望为光伏玻璃减反射膜层的理论研究和大规模生产应用提供依据。

Abstract

The reflection of sunlight at the interface of photovoltaic glass and air leads to a significant loss of incident energy, directly impairing the power output of solar modules. To mitigate this loss and enhance light transmittance, the application of anti-reflective (AR) coatings is a critical and effective solution. Among various candidate materials, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) has emerged as the predominant and most advantageous choice for AR coatings on PV glass. Its refractive index (≈1.45) is closest to the theoretical optimum required for minimizing reflection on glass substrates. Beyond this intrinsic optical merit, SiO₂ boasts exceptional chemical stability, high laser damage threshold, and superior mechanical robustness. Furthermore, through the engineering of micro- and nano-scale porous structures, SiO₂ coatings can achieve broadband and omnidirectional anti-reflection, surpassing the limitations of traditional quarter-wavelength designs. This unique combination of near-ideal optical properties, durability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility solidifies its status as the material of choice for high-performance PV applications.
However, as photovoltaic technology expands into diverse environments—from conventional farms to building-integrated systems (BIPV) and harsh climatic zones—the demands for AR coatings have evolved. The industry now requires coatings that not only maximize transmittance but also possess enhanced durability against environmental stressors, improved mechanical strength to resist abrasion, and additional functionalities like self-cleaning or anti-soiling properties. Conventional single-layer SiO₂coatings often fall short in meeting these multifaceted needs. Concurrently, research efforts, while extensive, lack a consolidated overview that systematically synthesizes recent advancements in key areas such as process optimization, structural design innovation, and performance-enhancing modifications.
To address this gap, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in SiO₂-based AR coatings for photovoltaic glass. It begins by elucidating the fundamental optical principles behind anti-reflection, explaining why SiO₂'s properties make it an optimal and ubiquitous choice. The discussion then focuses on the sol-gel method, the most prevalent and scalable deposition technique in the industry. The core chemical processes, namely the hydrolysis and condensation of silicon alkoxide precursors, are detailed, followed by a comparative analysis of three catalytic pathways: acid-catalysis, base-catalysis, and acid-base hybrid catalysis. Each method yields distinct sol structures and final film characteristics, which directly influence the optical performance, mechanical integrity, and adhesion of the coating. Furthermore, the review categorizes and analyzes various AR coating architectures, including single-layer porous SiO₂ coatings, valued for their simplicity and effectiveness; double-layer or multilayer interference stacks designed to broaden the antireflective bandwidth; graded-index coatings, where a continuous porosity gradient creates a seamless transition in refractive index for ultra-low reflectance; and organic-inorganic hybrid coatings, which incorporate polymers to enhance flexibility, toughness, or specific surface properties. The advantages and trade-offs of each design are examined. Finally, to meet the demand for multifunctional, high-durability coatings, the paper surveys three pivotal modification strategies: 1) Surface Modification: Employing silane coupling agents to impart self-cleaning capabilities and improve chemical resistance. 2) Rare-earth Ion Doping: Incorporating ions like La³⁺ or Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ to strengthen the silica network, enhance UV stability, and improve mechanical hardness. 3) Porogen Modification: Using templating agents or sacrificial components to create precisely controlled nanoporous structures, enabling exceptionally low refractive indices and superior broadband AR performance. For each approach, the underlying mechanism and the resulting improvements in coating performance are clarified.
By systematically consolidating these research strands, this review aims to serve as a valuable reference, bridging theoretical insights with practical applications, and providing a clear direction for the future development and industrial implementation of advanced, multifunctional SiO₂anti-reflective coatings in the photovoltaic industry.

导出引用

孟丹, 任璐, 王鑫娈, 倪嘉, 鲍田, 倪慧楠, 何蒙. 光伏玻璃减反射膜层研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(6): 158-174

MENG Dan, REN Lu, WANG Xinluan, NI Jia, BAO Tian, NI Huinai, HE Meng. Research Progress on Anti-reflective Coatings for Photovoltaic Glass[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(6): 158-174

中图分类号： O484.4 TB332

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