海洋防污水凝胶涂层的制备与研究进展

王健阳; 李祥宇; 王福会; 徐大可

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.06.011

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (6) : 137-157. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.06.011

功能表面及技术

海洋防污水凝胶涂层的制备与研究进展

王健阳, 李祥宇^*, 王福会, 徐大可

作者信息 +

Progress in Preparation and Research of Marine Antifouling Hydrogel Coatings

WANG Jianyang, LI Xiangyu^*, WANG Fuhui, XU Dake

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

海洋生物污损对航运、工程设施及生态环境构成持续威胁,开发高效、绿色的防污技术是当前的研究重点。传统防污涂层依赖有毒防污剂的释放,存在环境风险;而污损释放型涂层在静态条件下性能受限且机械强度不足。水凝胶涂层凭借其强亲水性,可在界面形成稳定的水合层,实现对生物污损的物理屏蔽,被视为极具潜力的环境友好型防污策略。本文系统综述了水凝胶防污涂层的最新研究进展：首先,从网络结构设计（如双网络、微相分离等）角度,总结了提升其力学性能与稳定性的策略;其次,阐述了其基于水合层,结合低表面能组分及化学催化杀菌物质的协同防污机制;进一步探讨了通过引入智能响应（如pH、光、盐度响应）与自修复功能以实现长效、自适应防污的前沿方向。最后,本文展望了水凝胶涂层在迈向实际海洋应用中面临的关键挑战与未来发展趋势,旨在为开发下一代高性能、智能化、可持续的海洋防污涂层提供理论参考与技术思路。

Abstract

Marine biofouling poses a severe global challenge by increasing fuel consumption and accelerating infrastructure corrosion, thereby raising operational costs, while also threatening marine ecosystems. The maritime industry's shift from toxic, biocide-releasing coatings towards environmentally benign solutions has highlighted the limitations of current foul-release technologies, such as their dependency on water flow and poor static performance. In this context, hydrogel coatings have emerged as a highly promising platform. Their inherent superhydrophilicity facilitates the formation of a stable bound hydration layer at the interface, which acts as a physical barrier to the initial adsorption of organic molecules and the subsequent attachment of fouling organisms.
This review systematically examines the development of hydrogel-based antifouling coatings, from addressing fundamental material weaknesses to integrating advanced smart functionalities. The practical application of hydrogels in marine environments is initially hindered by their typically weak mechanical properties and poor substrate adhesion. It also details innovative network design strategies to overcome these hurdles. This includes leveraging dynamic non-covalent cross-linking (e.g., hydrogen bonds, metal-coordination) for self-healing and stimuli-responsiveness, combined with covalent cross-linking for structural robustness. Advanced architectures like interpenetrating double/triple networks and microphase-separated heterogeneous hydrogels are discussed for achieving exceptional toughness and fatigue resistance, mimicking natural composites.
Beyond passive fouling resistance, strategies for active performance enhancement are analyzed. This encompasses the selection of high-hydration matrices (e.g., zwitterionic polymers) and their synergy with low-surface-energy components. A significant focus is placed on the hydrogel's role as a controlled-release reservoir for eco-friendly antifoulants or as a host for catalytic nanomaterials, such as cerium oxide, which provides a potent, non-toxic antibacterial action through reactive oxygen species generation.
The integration of smart and adaptive features represents the research frontier. It covers stimuli-responsive hydrogels that react to biofouling-relevant triggers like pH, salinity, or light, thereby enabling on-demand antifouling action. Equally critical is the development of self-healing capabilities, through dynamic covalent or supramolecular chemistry, which ensures long-term durability and functional recovery from physical damage.
Despite considerable progress, key challenges remain for real-world translation, including ensuring long-term stability under hydrodynamic shear and UV exposure, developing scalable coating processes for large structures, and validating performance through standardized field trials. Future efforts must focus on multifunctional design, scalable manufacturing, and rigorous real-sea testing to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and practical marine application, paving the way for a new generation of intelligent and sustainable antifouling solutions.

导出引用

王健阳, 李祥宇, 王福会, 徐大可. 海洋防污水凝胶涂层的制备与研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(6): 137-157

WANG Jianyang, LI Xiangyu, WANG Fuhui, XU Dake. Progress in Preparation and Research of Marine Antifouling Hydrogel Coatings[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(6): 137-157

中图分类号： TQ636

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