水射流强化技术对表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响研究进展

于焱; 王优强; 张平; 岳修杰; 高业然

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.03.016

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (3) : 196-218. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.03.016

表界面强化技术

水射流强化技术对表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响研究进展

于焱¹, 王优强^1,*, 张平², 岳修杰¹, 高业然¹

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Influences of Water Jet Strengthening Technology on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Performance

YU Yan¹, WANG Youqiang^1,*, ZHANG Ping², YUE Xiujie¹, GAO Yeran¹

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

水射流表面强化技术作为一种能够有效提升材料抗疲劳性能和表面完整性的新兴技术,近年来在学术界和工程界备受关注,相关研究与应用不断深入。该技术主要通过在材料表层引入残余压应力、强化塑性变形层及优化微观组织结构等途径,显著提高材料在高应力环境中的作业可靠性和使用寿命。系统阐述纯水射流、磨料水射流和超声水射流等主要水射流类型及其作用机制,并将其与其他机械表面强化技术进行对比分析。重点综述水射流表面强化技术对材料表面完整性和疲劳性能的影响,详细探讨射流压力、靶距、喷嘴横移速度、磨料类型、磨料尺寸、流速等单一工艺参数对强化效果的影响规律,同时深入研究多参数协同作用对强化效果的作用机制,论述强化材料基体类型的响应差异及微观作用机理。最后,对水射流表面强化技术的研究进行总结和展望。拟进一步提升材料在疲劳环境下的综合作业性能,为航空航天、汽车制造及军事工程等对材料性能要求极为严苛的领域提供有价值的表面强化技术参考。

Abstract

In the dynamic realm of materials science and engineering, water jet surface strengthening technology has emerged as a revolutionary approach, captivating the attention of researchers and engineers worldwide. With the continuous advancement of industries like aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing, the demand for materials with enhanced fatigue resistance and superior surface integrity has reached new heights. Traditional surface strengthening methods often struggle to meet these stringent requirements, especially when materials are subject to high-stress and complex environments. For instance, in aerospace engines, components must endure extreme temperature, high-speed rotation, and intense vibration, making fatigue failure a constant concern. This is where water jet surface strengthening technology steps in, offering a viable solution and attracting increasing research efforts to optimize its processes and expand its applications.
The essence of water jet surface strengthening lies in its multi-faceted mechanisms. By generating high-velocity water jets, either pure or mixed with abrasives, it imparts controlled impacts on the material surface. The induction of residual compressive stress is a key mechanism. When a metallic component, such as a steel shaft in heavy machinery, is under cyclic loading, the residual compressive stress induced by water jet treatment counteracts the tensile stress, effectively delaying the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Additionally, the process promotes the formation of a plastic deformation layer, which significantly increases the surface hardness and wear resistance. For automotive gears, this means a longer service life and reduced maintenance costs. Moreover, the high-energy impact of the water jet triggers microstructural changes, such as grain refinement. Research shows that in aluminum alloys, water jet treatment can reduce the average grain size by up to 30%, leading to improved strength and toughness.
This review systematically examines the main types of water jet technologies. Pure water jet technology, with its simplicity and environmental-friendliness, is ideal for applications where minimal material damage is required, such as in the treatment of precision electronic components. It can reduce surface roughness by approximately 20%, enhancing the component's performance. Abrasive water jet technology, by adding particles like garnet or silicon carbide, increases the jet's cutting and impact capabilities, making it suitable for strengthening hard materials. In the manufacturing of large-scale metal structures, abrasive water jet treatment can increase surface hardness by about 25%. Ultrasonic water jet technology combines water jets with ultrasonic vibrations, leveraging the cavitation effect to improve surface integrity, especially for materials with complex microstructures.
When compared with other surface strengthening techniques, water jet surface strengthening has its unique advantages and limitations. Unlike shot peening, which may have difficulties in treating complex geometries uniformly, water jet technology can be precisely adjusted to reach every corner of the workpiece. Compared with laser shock peening, which often causes thermal effects that may change material properties, water jet strengthening is mainly a cold-working process, preserving the original material characteristics. However, achieving a deep strengthening layer remains a challenge that requires further optimization of process parameters. The influence of process parameters on the strengthening effect is also explored. Jet pressure directly affects the impact energy, with higher pressures leading to greater plastic deformation but also increasing the risk of surface damage. Standoff distance and nozzle traverse speed determine the energy distribution and treatment coverage. In abrasive water jet technology, the type, size, and flow rate of abrasives play crucial roles in the final strengthening outcome.
In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive overview of water jet surface strengthening technology. Its findings are of great significance for both theoretical research and practical applications in industries with high-demand for material performance, paving the way for further development of this promising technology.

导出引用

于焱, 王优强, 张平, 岳修杰, 高业然. 水射流强化技术对表面完整性及疲劳性能的影响研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(3): 196-218

YU Yan, WANG Youqiang, ZHANG Ping, YUE Xiujie, GAO Yeran. Research Progress on Influences of Water Jet Strengthening Technology on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Performance[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(3): 196-218

中图分类号： TG668

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