研究航空弹药常用材料的选用原则及其腐蚀特性。采用长期户外试验数据跟踪、统计、测试等方法,根据众多学者的研究进展,重点分析航空弹药常用材料选用原则,以及腐蚀类型、腐蚀率、腐蚀等级、耐腐蚀性能等指标。航空弹药常用材料在不同使用环境中呈现不同的腐蚀类型,合金结构钢易出现氧化、点蚀、均匀腐蚀、应力腐蚀等,强度越高,则其耐腐蚀性能越差,应力腐蚀敏感性越高。不锈钢易出现点蚀、晶间腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀等。铝合金的腐蚀通常从表面点蚀开始,逐渐发展为晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀。镁合金对点蚀和常见腐蚀敏感。添加磷、硫、铬等元素对钢材的耐腐蚀性能有着显著影响。非金属材料的腐蚀主要以物理、化学和生物作用引起的材料性能退化为主。在航空弹药设计过程中,充分考虑材料的腐蚀特性,结合其受力情况,合理设计结构、选材,能够显著提升产品的使用寿命和可靠性。
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the selection principles and corrosion characteristics of materials commonly employed in aviation ammunition. To achieve a holistic understanding, a combined methodological approach is utilized to incorporate long-term tracking, systematic statistics, and rigorous testing of outdoor experimental data, while also conduct an extensive review and synthesis of the research progress documented by numerous scholars in this field. The study's core contribution lies in its detailed elucidation of the fundamental principles guiding material selection for aviation ammunition, paired with a meticulous analysis of key corrosion performance indicators. These indicators encompass specific corrosion types (such as pitting, intergranular, and stress corrosion), quantitative corrosion rates, standardized corrosion grading classifications, and the overarching metric of corrosion resistance. The findings systematically delineate the distinct corrosion behaviors exhibited by different material categories in varied service environments. For alloy structural steels, a class of materials prized for their high strength, it is found that they are susceptible to multiple forms of degradation, including oxidation, pitting, uniform corrosion, and critically, stress corrosion cracking. A pronounced and technically significant trend is identified, revealing that as the strength level of these steels increases, their general corrosion resistance typically deteriorates, while their sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking is markedly heightened. In the case of stainless steels, the primary corrosion concerns shift to localized attacks, namely pitting, intergranular corrosion, and crevice corrosion, with their occurrence and severity being intimately linked to the material's microstructure and specific service conditions. For aluminum alloys, the corrosion process often initiates at the surface as pitting, which can progressively evolve into more severe and structurally threatening forms like intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking over time, thereby posing significant risks to the structural integrity of components. Magnesium alloys demonstrate particularly high susceptibility to pitting and general corrosive attack, necessitating special design considerations and protective measures in practical applications. Furthermore, the study confirms that specific elements, including phosphorus, sulfur, and chromium, exert a profound influence on the corrosion resistance of steels. Their content, distribution, and chemical state directly govern the material's ability to resist the initiation and propagation of corrosion. Regarding non-metallic materials, corrosion or degradation primarily manifests as a deterioration in performance instigated by physical factors, chemical agents, and biological factors, leading to a gradual loss of functionality that can compromise the overall performance and safety of the ammunition. Consequently, this study underscores that the design process of aviation ammunition must integrally account for material-specific corrosion characteristics. Material selection should prioritize stainless steel among metallic options when strength requirements are satisfied. For materials inherently susceptible to corrosion, the application of robust surface treatments is imperative, coupled with meticulous attention to compatibility between dissimilar materials in contact. Implementing these measures substantially improves corrosion protection, which in turn extends service life and bolsters the overall reliability and safety of the ammunition. Accordingly, this work offers valuable insights and a dependable reference for optimizing material selection and developing effective anti-corrosion strategies, ultimately contributing to the enhanced performance and sustained reliability of these critical military assets.
关键词
航空弹药 /
腐蚀特性 /
材料选用原则 /
防腐蚀
Key words
aviation ammunition /
corrosion characteristics /
material selection principles /
anti-corrosion
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