目的 设计并制备一种在可见光波段具有高透过率、同时在微波频段具备强吸收性能的电磁功能超材料吸波体,以实现“透光-吸波”一体化功能,为新一代多功能电磁兼容材料的发展提供技术路径。方法 采用“结构设计-参数优化-制备验证”的系统研究方法,基于有序电磁谐振单元构型,设计了以PC为基体层、PVC为中间介质层、ITO电阻膜为功能层的多层超材料结构。采用遗传算法对PC基体层厚度、超材料单元结构的关键几何参数以及ITO电阻膜的方阻值进行多目标协同优化,在保证可见光透过率高于80%的前提下,寻求最优的吸波性能。运用超快激光微纳制造技术,实现方环型超材料结构单元微纳米级的精准成型。结果 本研究制备的优选超材料样件在7.24~17.65 GHz的宽频带范围内,实现了反射率低于‒10 dB的有效电磁波吸收,吸收带宽达到10.41 GHz。通过超材料电磁场分析发现,方环结构单元在谐振频点处引发了显著的电场聚集效应,其局部电场密度显著提升并导致了功率损耗密度集中,证实了电磁能量被高效地转化为热能而耗散。结论 基于有序方环型ITO谐振单元的超材料结构,能够通过激发结构谐振来有效调控与耗散入射电磁波能量。遗传算法的优化设计是实现宽频带吸波与高可见光透过的关键。透明超材料吸波体在保持高光学透明度的同时,具备优异的宽频微波吸收性能,为解决特定场景下的电磁兼容与光学透视矛盾问题提供了一种有效的技术方案。本研究进一步证明了基于遗传算法结合超快激光微纳制造的技术路径,在开发更复杂多功能电磁材料方面具有巨大的潜力和应用价值。
Abstract
This paper develops a visible light transparent electromagnetic functional metamaterial absorber based on ordered electromagnetic resonant units. The primary objective of this research is to address a significant limitation inherent in conventional electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, namely, their characteristic opacity within the visible light spectrum. This opacity presents a major constraint for applications where simultaneous optical transparency and effective microwave absorption are critical, such as cockpit canopies of modern aircraft. The central aim is therefore to design, optimize, fabricate, and rigorously characterize a novel functional metamaterial absorber that integrates high visible-light transmittance with strong, broadband microwave absorption capabilities. This work seeks to establish a viable technical pathway for developing next-generation multifunctional materials that can resolve the inherent conflict between electromagnetic compatibility and optical requirements in advanced electronic systems.
A comprehensive and systematic research methodology, encompassing "structural design, parametric optimization, fabrication, and experimental validation," is employed. The core of the design is a meticulously engineered multi-layer metamaterial structure based on periodically arranged electromagnetic resonant units. This structure comprises a transparent Polycarbonate (PC) substrate acting as the mechanical support and first dielectric layer, a Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) film serving as an intermediate dielectric spacer, and a patterned Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin film which functions as the key functional resistive layer for energy dissipation. A critical aspect of the methodology is the implementation of a multi-objective optimization process using a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The GA is tasked with simultaneously optimizing multiple geometric parameters, including the thickness of the PC substrate, the critical dimensions of the square-ring metamaterial unit cell, and the sheet resistance value of the ITO film. The optimization goal is to find Pareto-optimal solutions that maximize microwave absorption bandwidth and depth while constraining the simulated visible light transmittance to remain above 80%. Following the optimization, the designed sub-wavelength square-ring patterns are transferred onto the ITO film with high precision using an ultrafast laser micro-nanomachining system. This advanced fabrication technique is selected for its ability to achieve clean, micro/nano-scale feature resolution with minimal thermal damage to the surrounding transparent materials.
The experimental characterization yields highly promising results. The optimized and fabricated metamaterial absorber sample demonstrates a wideband effective absorption (defined as reflection loss below -10 dB) covering the frequency range from 7.24 GHz to 17.65 GHz. This corresponds to an absolute bandwidth of 10.41 GHz, which notably encompasses a significant portion of the X-band (8-12 GHz) and the entire Ku-band (12-18 GHz), bands of high importance for radar and satellite communications. To elucidate the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for this performance, a detailed analysis of the simulated electromagnetic field distributions is conducted. This field localization is directly correlated with a significant concentration of power loss density, this observation provides direct numerical evidence that the incident electromagnetic energy is efficiently converted into Joule heat and dissipated, primarily within the patterned resistive ITO film.
This study successfully demonstrates that a transparent metamaterial absorber, based on an array of ordered square-ring ITO resonant units, is capable of effectively controlling and dissipating incident electromagnetic wave energy through the excitation of tailored structural resonances. The key conclusion is that the integration of Genetic Algorithm for multi-parameter optimization is crucial for achieving the dual, often competing, objectives of broadband microwave absorption and high optical transparency. The experimental results conclusively prove that the developed metamaterial absorber provides a compelling solution to the "transparency-absorption" paradox, offering a material that is virtually transparent to the human eye while simultaneously acting as a strong microwave absorber. This paves the way for its application in scenarios requiring visual clarity and electromagnetic compatibility. Furthermore, this research robustly validates the overall technical pathway of combining bio-inspired optimization algorithms with high-precision laser micro-nanofabrication. This synergistic approach holds substantial promise and offers significant potential for the future design and verification of more complex, multi-functional electromagnetic materials and devices, such as reconfigurable metasurfaces and intelligent radomes, where performance must be balanced with stringent form-factor and aesthetic constraints. Future work will focus on extending the absorption bandwidth towards lower frequencies and exploring dynamic tuning capabilities.
关键词
电磁谐振 /
超材料 /
高透光率 /
遗传算法 /
宽频吸波 /
激光微纳制造
Key words
electromagnetic resonance /
metamaterial /
high light transmittance /
genetic algorithm /
wideband electromagnetic wave absorption /
laser micro-nano manufacturing
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 朱莉莉, 康帅, 胡祖明, 等. MXene及其复合吸波材料组成与结构的研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2023, 40(6): 3167-3186.
ZHU L L, KANG S, HU Z M, et al.Research Progress in Composition and Structure of MXene and Its Composite Wave Absorbing Materials[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2023, 40(6): 3167-3186.
[2] 张帆. 吸波材料抑制电磁干扰的数值仿真及优化[D]. 西安: 西安电子科技大学, 2008.
ZHANG F.Numerical Simulation and Optimization for EMI Suppression with Absorbing Materials[D]. Xi’an: Xidian University, 2008.
[3] QIAO Y, MENG Z H, WANG P P, et al.Research Progress of Bionic Adaptive Camouflage Materials[J]. Frontiers in Materials, 2021, 8: 637664.
[4] HUANG S N, FAN Q, XU C L, et al.A Visible-Light- Transparent Camouflage-Compatible Flexible Metasurface for Infrared-Radar Stealth Applications[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2021, 54(1): 015001.
[5] PANWAR R, PUTHUCHERI S, AGARWALA V, et al.Fractal Frequency-Selective Surface Embedded Thin Broadband Microwave Absorber Coatings Using Heterogeneous Composites[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2015, 63(8): 2438-2448.
[6] LANDY N I, SAJUYIGBE S, MOCK J J, et al.Perfect Metamaterial Absorber[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 100(20): 207402.
[7] WANG G, LI D W, LIU T T, et al.Design and Manufacturing of Lightweight Modular Broadband Microwave Absorbing Metastructure[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2023, 266: 111007.
[8] SCHURIG D, MOCK J J, JUSTICE B J, et al.Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies[J]. Science, 2006, 314(5801): 977-980.
[9] XUE H C, CONG H, FU Z P, et al.Function Switchable Broadband Saline Water-Based Metamaterial Absorber[C]//2023 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT). Qingdao, China: IEEE, 2023: 1-3.
[10] WATANABE M, JUODKAZIS S, SUN H B, et al.Transmission and Photoluminescence Images of Three- Dimensional Memory in Vitreous Silica[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 1999, 74(26): 3957-3959.
[11] 范鸿吉, 徐明, 苏莹, 等. 雷达与红外波段兼容隐身的透明超材料吸波体[J]. 光学学报, 2025, 45(8): 293-304.
FAN H J, XU M, SU Y, et al.Transparent Metamaterial Absorber for Radar and Infrared Compatible Stealth[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2025, 45(8): 293-304.
[12] 徐翠莲, 孟跃宇, 王甲富, 等. 光学透明红外与雷达兼容隐身复合超表面[J]. 光子学报, 2021, 50(4): 161-170.
XU C L, MENG Y Y, WANG J F, et al.Optically Transparent Hybrid Metasurfaces for Low Infrared Emission and Wideband Microwave Absorption[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2021, 50(4): 161-170.
[13] MIN P P, SONG Z C, YANG L, et al.Multispectral Meta- Film Design: Simultaneous Realization of Wideband Microwave Absorption, Low Infrared Emissivity, and Visible Transparency[J]. Optics Express, 2022, 30(18): 32317-32332.
[14] GAO Z Q, XU C L, TIAN X X, et al.Multifunctional Ultra-Thin Metasurface with Low Infrared Emissivity, Microwave Absorption and High Optical Transmission[J]. Optics Communications, 2021, 500: 127327.
[15] FERREIRA D, CALDEIRINHA R F S, CUIÑAS I, et al. Square Loop and Slot Frequency Selective Surfaces Study for Equivalent Circuit Model Optimization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2015, 63(9): 3947-3955.
[16] BRUNET T, LENG J, MONDAIN-MONVAL O.Soft Acoustic Metamaterials[J]. Science, 2013, 342(6156): 323-324.
[17] KAZEM ZADEH A, KARLSSON A.Capacitive Circuit Method for Fast and Efficient Design of Wideband Radar Absorbers[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2009, 57(8): 2307-2314.
[18] COSTA F, MONORCHIO A, MANARA G.Efficient Analysis of Frequency-Selective Surfaces by a Simple Equivalent-Circuit Model[J]. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2012, 54(4): 35-48.
[19] SONG Z C, MIN P P, YANG L, et al.A Bilateral Coding Metabsorber Using Characteristic Mode Analysis[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2022, 21(6): 1228-1232.
[20] WU Y J, LIN H, XIONG J, et al.A Broadband Metamaterial Absorber Design Using Characteristic Modes Analysis[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2021, 129(13): 134902.
[21] 朱瑞超, 王甲富, 韩亚娟, 等. 基于遗传算法的双频贴片天线设计[C]//中国电子学会. 2023年全国天线年会论文集(下). 西安: 空军工程大学基础部, 2023: 66-68.
ZHU R C, WANG J F, HAN Y J, et al.Design of Dual- frequency Patch Antenna Based on Genetic Algorithm[C]//Chinese Institute of Electronics. Collected Papers of 2023 Annual Antenna Conference(Ⅱ). Xi'an: Fundamentals Department of Air Force Engineering University, 2023: 66-68.
[22] 贾宇翔, 王甲富, 陈维, 等. 基于智能算法的超材料快速优化设计方法研究进展[J]. 雷达学报, 2021, 10(2): 220-239.
JIA Y X, WANG J F, CHEN W, et al.Research Progress on Rapid Optimization Design Methods of Metamaterials Based on Intelligent Algorithms[J]. Journal of Radars, 2021, 10(2): 220-239.
[23] 李泽, 孙海涛, 程兆刚, 等. 基于双磁介质层复合的超材料低频吸波体研究[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2023, 52(1): 398-402.
LI Z, SUN H T, CHENG Z G, et al.Research on Low Frequency Metamaterial Absorber Based on Double Magnetic Dielectric Layer Composite[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2023, 52(1): 398-402.
[24] 吕宇玲, 延凤平, 杜雪梅, 等. 偏振及角度不敏感类电磁诱导透明超材料研究[J]. 中国激光, 2021, 48(23): 2314002.
LYU Y L, YAN F P, DU X M, et al.Polarization- and Angle-Insensitive Electromagnetically Induced Transparency- Like Metamaterial[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2021, 48(23): 2314002.
[25] HUANG S Q, CAO Z L, YANG H L, et al.An Electromagnetic Parameter Retrieval Method Based on Deep Learning[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2020, 127(22): 224902.
[26] LIN H, YU W, TANG R X, et al.A Dual-Band Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurface with Beam Steering[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(24): 245002.
基金
辽宁省自然科学基金（2024-BS-327）
PDF(3899 KB)
渝公网安备 50010702501715号 渝ICP备15012534号-3
