航空构件因服役环境恶劣、应力条件复杂等因素，常常发生疲劳断裂，这严重影响了航空发动机的安全可靠性。激光冲击强化技术因其具有在材料表层引入超过1 mm的微观组织形变层和残余压应力层，并能极大提高材料的力学性能、提升金属零部件的疲劳寿命等特点，自诞生之日起便引起了广泛的关注，在航空发动机零部件的生产和修理中实现了批量化应用并取得了巨大的效益。首先概述了激光冲击强化的基本原理，分析了激光冲击强化对材料力学性能和微观组织演变规律的影响，揭示了激光冲击强化在提升金属零部件残余压应力、硬度、拉伸性能和疲劳性能等力学性能方面的显著优势。材料力学性能的变化和微观组织演变主要得益于激光冲击强化过程中等离子体诱导冲击波的应力效应，并就其微观组织演变过程总结激光冲击强化机制。此外，将深入讨论激光冲击强化在典型航空零部件方面的应用情况，分析总结了不同类型航空结构件的激光冲击强化特点与研究进展，探讨了激光冲击强化技术提升航空发动机系统安全可靠性方面的重要作用，旨在为进一步提升航空部件的综合性能提供理论参考。

Fatigue fractures, a persistent challenge in the aerospace industry, are often induced by the demanding operating conditions and the multifaceted stress states to which aviation engines are subject. These fractures not only compromise the structural integrity of aircraft components but also significantly undermine the safety and reliability of the entire aircraft system. In addressing this issue, Laser Shock Processing (LSP) is recognized as a cutting-edge solution. This technology, by creating a microstructural deformation layer exceeding 1 mm in depth and inducing a residual compressive stress layer at the material‘s surface, significantly enhances the mechanical properties of metals. Consequently, the fatigue life of critical components is markedly extended, offering a robust defense against the onset of fatigue fractures.