Recent Advances in Structural Characteristics and Mechanisms of Radiative Cooling Coating Materials

LI Lulan; LIU Lulu; HUANG Gao; ZHANG Xiong; TIAN Feng; AN Jiangfeng; WU Jun

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.018

PDF(9638 KB)

Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (20) : 256-271. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.018

Functional Surfaces and Technology

Recent Advances in Structural Characteristics and Mechanisms of Radiative Cooling Coating Materials

LI Lulan¹, LIU Lulu^1,2, HUANG Gao¹, ZHANG Xiong¹, TIAN Feng¹, AN Jiangfeng^1,2,*, WU Jun^1,3

Author information +

History +

Abstract

The energy crisis and global warming have become critical challenges that human society must urgently address. Conventional active thermal management systems are characterized by high energy consumption and low cooling efficiency, thereby exerting significant impacts on the global environment and economy. As a sustainable thermal management technology capable of achieving efficient heat dissipation and temperature regulation without external energy input, radiative cooling coatings demonstrate remarkable cooling performance and considerable potential for energy conservation and emission reduction, attracting widespread attention in recent years. This paper aims to review relevant domestic and international studies and representative achievements, and systematically analyze and evaluate the fundamental principles of radiative cooling as well as the structural regulation strategies of radiative cooling coatings.
Firstly, the fundamental principles and material characteristics of radiative cooling are introduced. Radiation cooling mainly involves radiative emission and solar reflection effects, both of which are affected by multiple factors such as material type, material structure, and temperature. Specifically, the radiative emission effect and reflection effect are governed by the emissivity and reflectivity of the material. A typical strategy for achieving radiative cooling is to minimize solar absorption with highly reflective materials while dissipating heat outward in the form of electromagnetic radiation through utilizing materials with high infrared emissivity.
The performance of radiative cooling coatings can be enhanced by regulating both macroscopic and microscopic structures to optimize their optical properties. Macroscopic structural regulation is primarily intended to satisfy diverse application requirements and mainly includes surface structures, porous structures, and multilayer heterogeneous structures. For identical materials, rough surface structures can significantly increase the effective radiative area of the surface, and their coherent reflectivity is substantially lower than that of smooth surfaces; therefore, higher surface roughness generally corresponds to higher emissivity. Porous structures with high porosity tend to form three-dimensional interconnected networks, generating random surface roughness that promotes diffuse reflection and reduces specular reflection losses. Increasing the porosity of porous structures can simultaneously enhance solar reflectivity while weakening infrared emissivity; consequently, an appropriate balance can be achieved between the two to optimize cooling performance. Multilayer heterogeneous structures combine the intrinsic properties of materials with macroscopic structural design to directly realize efficient spectral separation, among which the most common approach is the alternating stacking of metallic reflective layers and scattering dielectric layers. Microscopic structural regulation can further optimize the optical properties and cooling performance of radiative cooling coatings while broadening their potential applications. Such strategies mainly include biomimetic structures, photonic radiative cooling structures, and micro/nanoparticle composite structures. Biomimetic structures exhibit excellent radiative cooling performance; however, they suffer from high fabrication costs and limited universality in practical applications. Photonic radiative cooling structures offer flexible functional tunability and overcome the limitations of natural materials, yet they require extremely high fabrication precision and are difficult to scale up for mass production. In contrast, micro/nanoparticle composite systems disperse micro- and nanoparticles within a matrix as scattering or emission units, thereby regulating the effective optical constants of the coating at the microscopic scale and overcoming the practical limitations associated with biomimetic and photonic structures. Further studies demonstrate that integrating macroscopic and microscopic structural design strategies can significantly improve the radiative cooling performance of coatings. By screening high-performance radiative cooling particles through micro/nanoparticle composite structures and incorporating them into porous architectures, high-performance radiative cooling coatings can be fabricated. This integrated regulation strategy has become an important research direction in the field.
At present, research on radiation cooling coatings mainly focuses on the modification of traditional radiation particles, whereas insufficient attention has been paid to the role of material microstructures in achieving efficient radiative cooling. In practical applications, challenges such as considerable operational heat losses and difficulties in commercialization still remain. Future studies should focus on the screening and design of coating particle microstructures as well as the optimization of macroscopic architectures. By further improving the underlying mechanisms and design strategies, radiative cooling coatings are expected to evolve from single-function cooling materials toward multifunctional, intelligent, and application-adaptive systems.

Key words

radiative cooling / coating fillers / heat dissipation technology / cooling mechanisms / structural regulation

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

LI Lulan, LIU Lulu, HUANG Gao, ZHANG Xiong, TIAN Feng, AN Jiangfeng, WU Jun. Recent Advances in Structural Characteristics and Mechanisms of Radiative Cooling Coating Materials[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(20): 256-271

References

[1] HSU P C, SONG A Y, CATRYSSE P B, et al.Radiative Human Body Cooling by Nanoporous Polyethylene Textile[J]. Science, 2016, 353(6303): 1019-1023.
[2] HE M Y, SUN Y H, HAN B X.Green Carbon Science: Efficient Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling towards Carbon Neutrality[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2022, 134(15): e202112835.
[3] 程晨, 张永熙, 邓友均, 等. 考虑多重舒适度的分时间尺度家庭能量管理策略[J]. 电力建设, 2024, 45(3): 160-172.
CHENG C, ZHANG Y X, DENG Y J, et al.Different Time-Scale Optimization Strategy for Home Energy Management Considering Multiple Comforts[J]. Electric Power Construction, 2024, 45(3): 160-172.
[4] 孙晓洁, 高梦宇, 郑玉祥, 等. 辐射冷却材料的研究进展及应用[J]. 红外与毫米波学报, 2022, 41(1): 230-247.
SUN X J, GAO M Y, ZHENG Y X, et al.Applications and Recent Development of Radiative Cooling Materials[J]. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2022, 41(1): 230-247.
[5] LIU M R, ZHANG S, LI F X, et al.Performance of Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling Coating with CaSiO₃ Enhanced Solar Reflectivity and Atmospheric Window Emissivity[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(44): 445501.
[6] BELGUERCHE N, BELHAOUARI S B, LASLA N, et al.A Novel Light Reflection-Random Walk for Smart Sensors Relocation[J]. Journal of Network and Systems Management, 2023, 32(1): 7.
[7] LANDAUER R.Spatial Variation of Currents and Fields Due to Localized Scatterers in Metallic Conduction[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1957, 1(3): 223-231.
[8] PIECHOCKI L, LI W.De Broglie Wave’s Snell’s Law, Fresnel Equations, and Brewster’s Angle[J]. Micro and Nanostructures, 2025, 199: 208075.
[9] LI Z, MA X, BAHRAMI A, et al.Generalized Total Internal Reflection at Dynamic Interfaces[J]. Physical Review B, 2023, 107(11): 115129.
[10] DORODNYY A, SMAJIC J, LEUTHOLD J.Mie Scattering for Photonic Devices[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2023, 17(9): 2300055.
[11] WANG Y M, ZHOU X, ZHANG F F, et al.Binding- Energy Regulated Assembling of Mixed-Dimensional Pearl-String Heterostructure Aerogel for Efficient Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2026, 706: 139725.
[12] 殷燕子, 曹阳, 刘秀生, 等. 颜填料对太阳热反射涂料性能的影响[J]. 电镀与涂饰, 2006, 25(3): 36-39.
YIN Y Z, CAO Y, LIU X S, et al.The Influence of Pigments and Fillings on the Performance of Solar Heat Reflective Coatings[J]. Electroplating & Finishing, 2006, 25(3): 36-39.
[13] ZHU W K, DROGUET B, SHEN Q C, et al.Structurally Colored Radiative Cooling Cellulosic Films[J]. Advanced Science, 2022, 9(26): 2202061.
[14] 毕爱红, 朱金华, 文庆珍. 有色降温涂料的实验设计及降温性能测试[J]. 涂料工业, 2008, 38(6): 70-72.
BI A H, ZHU J H, WEN Q Z.Experiment Design of Colored Temperature Reduction Coatings and Performance Evaluation[J]. Paint & Coatings Industry, 2008, 38(6): 70-72.
[15] YIN X B, YANG R G, TAN G, et al.Terrestrial Radiative Cooling: Using the Cold Universe as a Renewable and Sustainable Energy Source[J]. Science, 2020, 370(6518): 786-791.
[16] FENG K, WU Y, PEI X W, et al.Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling: From Mechanism to Materials and Applications[J]. Materials Today Energy, 2024, 43: 101575.
[17] ZEVENHOVEN R, FÄLT M. Radiative Cooling through the Atmospheric Window: A Third, less Intrusive Geoengineering Approach[J]. Energy, 2018, 152: 27-33.
[18] TAO S, XU X Y, CHEN M X, et al.Construction of Efficient Passive Radiative Cooling Emitter with Selective Emission in the Whole Atmospheric Window and Durable Anti-Contamination Performance[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2021, 224: 110998.
[19] HUANG M C, YANG M P, GUO X J, et al.Scalable Multifunctional Radiative Cooling Materials[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2023, 137: 101144.
[20] CHEN Z, ZHU L X, RAMAN A, et al.Radiative Cooling to Deep Sub-Freezing Temperatures through a 24-h Day-Night Cycle[J]. Nature Communications, 2016, 7: 13729.
[21] REPHAELI E, RAMAN A, FAN S.Ultrabroadband Photonic Structures to Achieve High-Performance Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Nano letters, 2013, 13(4): 1457-1461.
[22] TANG H, GUO C, FAN F, et al.Both Sub-Ambient and Above-Ambient Conditions: a Comprehensive Approach for the Efficient Use of Radiative Cooling[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2024, 17(13): 4498-4507.
[23] LIN C J, LI K Q, LI M, et al.Pushing Radiative Cooling Technology to Real Applications[J]. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(23): 2409738.
[24] SUN Q, WANG Z Y, MI L T, et al.Bioinspired All-Day Adaptive Radiative Cooler with High-Power Cooling and Efficient Suppressing Overcooling[J]. Building and Environment, 2024, 266: 112119.
[25] LI W J, CHENG D Y, LIU X G, et al.On-Orbit Service (OOS) of Spacecraft: A Review of Engineering Developments[J]. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2019, 108: 32-120.
[26] CHEN M S, JIANG X G, WU H, et al.Temperature and Emissivity Retrieval from Low-Emissivity Materials Using Hyperspectral Thermal Infrared Data[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2019, 40(5/6): 1655-1671.
[27] DRUDE P.Zur Elektronentheorie Der Metalle[J]. Annalen der Physik, 1900, 306(3): 566-613.
[28] TANG K, BUCKIUS R O.A Statistical Model of Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surfaces[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2001, 44(21): 4059-4073.
[29] JO H, KING J L, BLOMSTRAND K, et al.Spectral Emissivity of Oxidized and Roughened Metal Surfaces[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2017, 115: 1065-1071.
[30] BLANDRE E, CHAPUIS P O, VAILLON R.Spectral and Total Temperature-Dependent Emissivities of Few-Layer Structures on a Metallic Substrate[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(2): A374-A387.
[31] YAO Z P, LI X J, WEI H, et al.Black Ceramic Coatings on Ti Alloy with Enhanced High Absorptivity and High Emissivity by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation[J]. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2019, 16(3): 994-1003.
[32] DE IULIIS S, DONDÈ R, ALTMAN I.Effect of Laser Irradiation on Emissivity of Flame-Generated Nanooxides[J]. Materials, 2021, 14(9): 2303.
[33] WANG C, SUN G T, HE C Y, et al.Entropy-Driven Multiphase Engineering Enables Superior Broadband Infrared Emissivity in High-Entropy Oxides[J]. Advanced Materials, 2026, 38(2): e08636.
[34] SIGMAN J B, BARROWES B E, O’NEILL K, et al. High-Frequency Electromagnetic Induction Sensing of Nonmetallic Materials[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2017, 55(9): 5254-5263.
[35] NEUER G.Spectral and Total Emissivity Measurements of Highly Emitting Materials[J]. International Journal of Thermophysics, 1995, 16(1): 257-265.
[36] LAVAL J Y, CABANEL C, BERGER M H, et al.Local Electrical Behavior, Crystallography, and Chemistry of Grain Boundaries in Mn-Zn Ferrites[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1998, 81(5): 1133-1140.
[37] LIU Z K, SUN Q, SONG Y, et al.High-Emissivity Composite-Oxide Fillers for High Temperature Stable Aluminum-Chromium Phosphate Coating[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2018, 349: 885-893.
[38] ZHANG X N, QIU J, ZHAO J M, et al.Complex Refractive Indices Measurements of Polymers in Infrared Bands[J]. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2020, 252: 107063.
[39] POLIQUIT B Z, BURN P L, SHAW P E.Properties of PDMS-Divinylbenzene Based Pre-Concentrators for Nitroaromatic Vapors[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2020, 8(47): 16967-16973.
[40] WANG H D, XUE C H, MA C Q, et al.Durable and Scalable Superhydrophobic Colored Composite Coating for Subambient Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2024, 12(4): 1681-1693.
[41] QI G, TAN X, TU Y, et al.Ordered-Porous-Array Polymethyl Methacrylate Films for Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(27): 31277-31284.
[42] CHOWDHURY F I, XU Q W, SINHA K, et al.Cellulose-Upgraded Polymer Films for Radiative Sky Cooling[J]. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2021, 272: 107824.
[43] CHEREVKOV S, AZIZOV R, SOKOLOVA A, et al.Interface Chemical Modification between All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals and Porous Silica Microspheres for Composite Materials with Improved Emission[J]. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(1): 119.
[44] ZHANG G L, XUE Y J, LIU P S, et al.High Emissivity Double-Layer Coating on the Flexible Aluminum Silicate Fiber Fabric with Enhanced Interfacial Bonding Strength and High Temperature Resistance[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2021, 41(2): 1452-1458.
[45] TSANG Y C A, VARGHESE N J, DEGEORGES M, et al. Porous Polymer Bilayer with Near-Ideal Solar Reflectance and Longwave Infrared Emittance[J]. Nanophotonics, 2024, 13(5): 669-677.
[46] WANG Y, JI H, LIU B, et al.Radiative Cooling: Structure Design and Application[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2024, 12(17): 9962-9978.
[47] SHATI A K A, BLAKEY S G, BECK S B M. The Effect of Surface Roughness and Emissivity on Radiator Output[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2011, 43(2/3): 400-406.
[48] ZHANG Z Z, CHEN M C, ZHANG L C, et al.A Straightforward Spectral Emissivity Estimating Method Based on Constructing Random Rough Surfaces[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2023, 12: 266.
[49] GRIGORIEV P D, KOCHEV V D, TSYPLUKHIN V A, et al.Method for Measuring the Deviation from Lambert's Cosine Law in the Diffuse Reflection of Ultracold Neutrons from Material Walls[J]. JETP Letters, 2024, 120(12): 873-878.
[50] CHEN M, WENG F Z.Modeling Land Surface Roughness Effect on Soil Microwave Emission in Community Surface Emissivity Model[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2016, 54(3): 1716-1726.
[51] YU K, LIU Y, LIU D, et al.Normal Spectral Emissivity Characteristics of Roughened Cobalt and Improved Emissivity Model Based on Agababov Roughness Function[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2019, 159: 113957.
[52] MULFORD R B, COLLINS N S, FARNSWORTH M S, et al.Total Hemispherical Apparent Radiative Properties of the Infinite V-Groove with Specular Reflection[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 124: 168-176.
[53] MA Y-D, CHEN X-W, KONG L-B.Three-Dimensional Interconnected Microporous Carbon Network Derived from Aniline Formaldehyde Resin/Sodium Polyacrylate Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (AF/PAAS IPNs) with Controllable Porosity for Supercapacitors[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2019, 2(9): 6440-6452.
[54] WENG Y, ZHANG W F, JIANG Y, et al.Effective Daytime Radiative Cooling via a Template Method Based PDMS Sponge Emitter with Synergistic Thermo-Optical Activity[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2021, 230: 111205.
[55] YIN L, ZHANG J L, LUO J J, et al.Fire Safety Protective Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based "Green" Aerogels with Micro/ Nano Dual-Scale Porous Structure for Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 512: 162530.
[56] SONG S, HOU C, YANG A, et al.Ultraviolet Durable and Recyclable Radiative Cooling Covering for Efficient Building Energy Saving[J]. Materials Horizons, 2025, 12(8): 2535-2544.
[57] TAO Y Y, MAO Z P, YANG Z B, et al.Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Matrix Passive Cooling Materials with Thermal Insulation and Solar Reflection Properties Based on Porous Structure[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2020, 225: 110361.
[58] CHEN M, PANG D, MANDAL J, et al.Designing Mesoporous Photonic Structures for High-Performance Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Nano Letters, 2021, 21(3): 1412-1418.
[59] LI D, LIU X, LI W, et al.Scalable and Hierarchically Designed Polymer Film as a Selective Thermal Emitter for High-Performance All-Day Radiative Cooling[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2021, 16(2): 153-158.
[60] YUE Q, ZHANG L, HE C Y, et al.Polymer Composites with Hierarchical Architecture and Dielectric Particles for Efficient Daytime Subambient Radiative Cooling[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2023, 11(7): 3126-3135.
[61] LIU J W, TANG H J, JIANG C X, et al.Micro-Nano Porous Structure for Efficient Daytime Radiative Sky Cooling[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32(44): 2206962.
[62] ZHOU J N, LIU H S, XU P, et al.Harnessing Porosity: A Review on Polymer-Based Porous Structures for High- Performance Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. Materials Today Energy, 2025, 54: 102146.
[63] KIM M, SEO J, YOON S, et al.Optimization and Performance Analysis of a Multilayer Structure for Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2021, 260: 107475.
[64] LIU H, YANG Y X, AMBAR A, et al.Cost-Effective Inorganic Multilayer Film for High-Performance Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Materials, 2025, 18(8): 1729.
[65] JI Y T, SUN Y L, MUHAMMAD J, et al.Fabrication of Hydrophobic Multilayered Fabric for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2022, 307(4): 2100795.
[66] FUNT N, PALMER B A, WEINER S, et al.Koi Fish-Scale Iridophore Cells Orient Guanine Crystals to Maximize Light Reflection[J]. ChemPlusChem, 2017, 82(6): 914-923.
[67] WANG T, XIAO Y, KING J L, et al.Bioinspired Switchable Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling Coatings[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2023, 15(41): 48716-48724.
[68] CHEN J F, HSIEH H N, DO Q H.Evaluating Teaching Performance Based on Fuzzy AHP and Comprehensive Evaluation Approach[J]. Applied Soft Computing, 2015, 28: 100-108.
[69] FAN F C, ZHOU K, DU Y, et al.Bioinspired Polyethylene/Boron Nitride Woven Mesh Integrating Heterogeneous Wettability and Radiation Cooling for Water Recycling of Cooling Tower[J]. Water Research, 2026, 288: 124699.
[70] YAN Z, ZHAI H T, FAN D S, et al.Biological Optics, Photonics and Bioinspired Radiative Cooling[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2024, 144: 101291.
[71] WANG J L, CHEN H Y, TIAN X X, et al.Biomimetic Daytime Radiative Cooling Technology: Prospects and Challenges for Practical Application[J]. Materials, 2025, 18(19): 4556.
[72] HEO S Y, LEE G J, SONG Y M.Heat-Shedding with Photonic Structures: Radiative Cooling and Its Potential[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2022, 10(27): 9915-9937.
[73] GUO H Y, NIU T Y, YU J Y, et al.Tailoring Photonic-Engineered Textiles with Butterfly-Mimetic Tertiary Micro/Nano Architectures for Superior Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. Engineering, 2023, 31: 120-126.
[74] LIN J J, WU M C.Experimental Investigation on Material Thermal Properties in Radiative Cooling for Dew Condensation[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2025, 280: 127989.
[75] CHAE D, KIM M, JUNG P-H, et al.Spectrally Selective Inorganic-Based Multilayer Emitter for Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2020, 12(7): 8073-8081.
[76] YU L X, ZHANG X Z, LIU G W, et al.High- Performance Reticular Porous Perovskite Coating with Wide-Spectrum Absorption for Photothermal Conversion[J]. Solar RRL, 2021, 5(3): 2000620.
[77] LEE M, KIM G, JUNG Y, et al.Photonic Structures in Radiative Cooling[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2023, 12(1): 134.
[78] RABEK J F.Polymer Photodegradation: Mechanisms and Experimental Methods[M]. Dordrecht; London: Springer Science+Business Media, 2012.
[79] LV J, BAI R, LI L, et al.Selective Emitter Based on MgF₂ Photonic Structure for Subambient Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2025, 17(41): 57516-57522.
[80] SUN J Y, WANG J, GUO T T, et al.Daytime Passive Radiative Cooling Materials Based on Disordered Media: A Review[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2022, 236: 111492.
[81] RAMIREZ-CUEVAS F V, GURUNATHA K L, PARKIN I P, et al. Universal Theory of Light Scattering of Randomly Oriented Particles: A Fluctuational-Electrodynamics Approach for Light Transport Modeling in Disordered Nanostructures[J]. ACS Photonics, 2022, 9(2): 672-681.
[82] GAO K, SHEN H L, LIU Y W, et al.Random Inverted Pyramid Textured Polydimethylsiloxane Radiative Cooling Emitter for the Heat Dissipation of Silicon Solar Cells[J]. Solar Energy, 2022, 236: 703-711.
[83] FU Y, YANG J, SU Y S, et al.Daytime Passive Radiative Cooler Using Porous Alumina[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2019, 191: 50-54.
[84] WANG T, WU Y, SHI L, et al.A Structural Polymer for Highly Efficient All-Day Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 365.
[85] WANG X, LIU X H, LI Z Y, et al.Scalable Flexible Hybrid Membranes with Photonic Structures for Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(5): 1907562.
[86] YANG Z B, ZHANG J.Bioinspired Radiative Cooling Structure with Randomly Stacked Fibers for Efficient All-Day Passive Cooling[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(36): 43387-43395.
[87] YALçıN R A, BLANDRE E, JOULAIN K, et al. Daytime Radiative Cooling with Silica Fiber Network[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2020, 206: 110320.
[88] MATSUMORI K, FUJIMURA R, RETSCH M.Selective Broadband Absorption by Mode Splitting for Radiative Cooling[J]. Opt Express, 2022, 30(9): 14258-14273.
[89] ALI KECEBAS M, MENGUC M P, KOSAR A, et al.Passive Radiative Cooling Design with Broadband Optical Thin-Film Filters[J]. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2017, 198: 179-186.
[90] KO B, LEE D, BADLOE T, et al.Metamaterial-Based Radiative Cooling: Towards Energy-Free All-Day Cooling[J]. Energies, 2018, 12(1): 89.
[91] LI M H, LIU S Y, GUO L Y, et al.Influence of the Dielectric-Spacer Thickness on the Dual-Band Metamaterial Absorber[J]. Optics Communications, 2013, 295: 262-267.
[92] DING Z M, LI X, ZHANG H L, et al.Robust Radiative Cooling via Surface Phonon Coupling-Enhanced Emissivity from SiO₂ Micropillar Arrays[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2024, 220: 125004.
[93] LIU H, YANG Y, AMBAR A, et al.Broadening of Infrared Radiation Band Based on Inorganic Metamaterials for Radiative Cooling[J]. Journal of Materiomics, 2025: 101093.
[94] YUN J, CHAE D, SO S, et al.Optimally Designed Multimaterial Microparticle-Polymer Composite Paints for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Photonics, 2023, 10(8): 2608-2617.
[95] NGUYEN T V, DAO P H, NGUYEN T A, et al.Effects of Nano-TiO₂ and Nano-SiO₂ Particles on the Reflectance and Weathering Durability of Solar Heat Reflectance Coating[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2023, 442: 114752.
[96] ZHANG Z Y, MA H S, HE Y, et al.High Reflectivity and Latent Heat Synergetic TiO₂/Cs_0.33WO₃-PU Double-Layer Materials with Zero Transmittance[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 496: 154104.
[97] KIM H J, KIM D S, MUN H, et al.Nanosheet Coated Dual-Shell TiO₂ Sphere with High Solar Reflectance for Thermal-Shield Materials[J]. Composites Communications, 2020, 22: 100432.
[98] WANG X F, MENG Z, GE Y F, et al.All-Dielectric Spectral Selective Emitter for Infrared-Microwave Compatible Stealth[J]. Optics Communications, 2024, 573: 131032.
[99] ZHOU L J, WANG P Y, SUN T L, et al.Al₂O₃ Modification of TeO₂-ZnO-Na₂O Glasses: Tailored Network Structure for Enhanced Thermal Stability and 2-3 Μm Mid-Infrared Emission[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 190: 113244.
[100] KIM G H, KIM C S, SOHN I.Viscous Behavior of Alumina Rich Calcium-Silicate Based Mold Fluxes and Its Correlation to the Melt Structure[J]. ISIJ International, 2013, 53(1): 114-121.
[101] BAO H, YAN C, WANG B X, et al.Double-Layer Nanoparticle-Based Coatings for Efficient Terrestrial Radiative Cooling[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2017, 168: 78-84.
[102] ZHANG D Z, ZOU Y C, WEN L, et al.Liquid-Phase Plasma Assisted Electrophoresis and Sintering SiC/hBN Nanocomposite Ceramic Coating on Aluminum Alloy for Radiative Heat Dissipation[J]. Ceramics International, 2021, 47(7): 9310-9316.
[103] WOO H Y, CHOI Y, CHUNG H, et al.Colloidal Inorganic Nano- and Microparticles for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Nano Convergence, 2023, 10(1): 17.
[104] ZHANG Y L, YU J.In Situ Formation of SiO₂ Nanospheres on Common Fabrics for Broadband Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2021, 4(10): 11260-11268.
[105] HU D D, SUN S, DU P Y, et al.Hollow Core-Shell Particle-Containing Coating for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2022, 158: 106949.
[106] LIU J, JI B, ZHONG Y, et al.Photoluminescent Core- Shell Structural Porous Fibers-Based Metafabric for Colored Daytime Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Nano, 2025, 19(32): 29187-29197.
[107] HUANG K S, TAN R J, WU H B, et al.Cocooning Wound for Healing[J]. Nano Letters, 2025, 25(25): 9904-9912.
[108] CHEN Z, JIANG Y, YANG Z, et al.Biodegradable and Hierarchically Designed Polymer Film for Sustainable Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Applied Optical Materials, 2023, 2(6): 928-934.
[109] PARK C, PARK C, NIE X, et al.Fully Organic and Flexible Biodegradable Emitter for Global Energy-Free Cooling Applications[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2022, 10(21): 7091-7099.
[110] SONG K L, XIE M, AI Q.Optical Properties of Polymer-Based Coatings Containing Metallic Particles: Effect of Particle Shape and Binder[J]. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 2023, 20(5): 1611-1619.
[111] LIN Z L, MIAO L S, SONG H J, et al.Rod-Like Boron Nitride Based-Coating for Subambient and Above- Ambient Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2025, 689: 162502.
[112] HUANG J, FAN D S, LI Q.Structural Rod-Like Particles for Highly Efficient Radiative Cooling[J]. Materials Today Energy, 2022, 25: 100955.
[113] HUANG X, LI N, WANG J F, et al.Single Nanoporous MgHPO₄·1.2H₂O for Daytime Radiative Cooling[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(2): 2252-2258.
[114] FU Y T, CHEN L, GUO Y A, et al.Pyramid Textured Photonic Films with High-Refractive Index Fillers for Efficient Radiative Cooling[J]. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(39): 2404900.
[115] KUMARI N, GLOTCH T, SHIRLEY K, et al.Effects of Space Weathering on the Christiansen Feature Position of Lunar Surface Materials[J]. Icarus, 2024, 412: 115976.
[116] KUMARI N, MUSTARD J, GLOTCH T D.Particle Size and Albedo Effects on Emissivity Spectra of Lunar Analog Minerals and Rocks in the Intermediate Infrared Region[J]. Icarus, 2025, 441: 116721.
[117] VAN DE HULST H C. Light Scattering by Small Particles[M]. Chelmsford, MA: Courier Corporation, 1981.
[118] WANG F Q, WANG H, GONG D Y, et al.Radiative Transfer Analysis of Semitransparent Medium with Particles Having Non-Uniform Size Distribution by Differential-Integration Method[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 130: 342-355.
[119] CHENG Z M, WANG F Q, WANG H, et al.Effect of Embedded Polydisperse Glass Microspheres on Radiative Cooling of a Coating[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2019, 140: 358-367.
[120] CHEN G L, XIE E Y, ZHAO Q Y, et al.Surface Phonon Activation for Broadband High Emissivity via Textured Structure on TiO₂ Coating[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2024, 673: 160818.
[121] TORRES P, RURALI R.Thermal Conductivity of Rutile and Anatase TiO₂ from First-Principles[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123(51): 30851-30855.
[122] SONG Y N, GE B, WANG J X.Scalable and Simply- Fabricated Paint for Waterproof and Passive Radiative Cooling[J]. Composites Communications, 2025, 55: 102322.
[123] FENG J, GAO K, JIANG Y, et al.Optimization of Random Silica-Polymethylpentene (TPX) Radiative Coolers towards Substantial Cooling Capacity[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2022, 234: 111419.