Progress in Granular Filter Media with Superwettability for Water and Air Purification

YUAN Luhan; KONG Pingping; YANG Yang; JI Yanzheng; ZHANG Youfa

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.014

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (20) : 182-200. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.014

Functional Surfaces and Technology

Progress in Granular Filter Media with Superwettability for Water and Air Purification

YUAN Luhan¹, KONG Pingping¹, YANG Yang¹, JI Yanzheng^2,*, ZHANG Youfa^1,*

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Abstract

In response to the increasingly severe challenges of water and atmospheric pollution, granular filter media have been widely applied in the field of water and atmospheric purification due to their interfacial adsorption and physical retention capabilities. However, their practical performance has long been limited by their intrinsic surface wettability. In recent years, surface engineering technology has been advanced rapidly. These advances have enabled the effective regulation of surface wettability, thereby addressing the critical separation limitations. Novel granular filter media with superwettability have been extensively explored, and the targeted separation and purification performance in complex fluids has been significantly enhanced. In this review, a unified framework that correlates surface design, wettability regulation, and separation performance of superwetting granular filter media across diverse material systems and application scenarios is provided. Furthermore, the microscopic mechanisms are systematically discussed to elucidate how the regulation of wettability enhances pollutant capture efficiency, interfacial separation precision, and long-term anti-fouling properties.
Starting from the classification of granular filter media, including inorganic, biomass-derived, and porous materials, the recent research progress on superwetting surface design is critically discussed. Inorganic filter media are represented by quartz sand, serpentine, and silicon carbide. Researchers utilize techniques like dip-coating to graft hydrophilic or hydrophobic coatings, which effectively overcome defects such as insufficient separation efficiency, severe oil fouling, and particle aggregation. Biomass-derived media include coconut shells and walnut shells, which have inherent hierarchical roughness and abundant active functional groups. Therefore, even simple mechanical crushing could achieve sustainable and efficient separation layers with minimal processing requirements. For porous media, particularly activated carbon, various hydrophobic modification methods (e.g., organosilicon coating, chemical vapour deposition, and monolayer silanisation) are employed. These modification methods efficiently suppress the competitive adsorption of water molecules, thereby enabling selective adsorption performance even under high-humidity conditions.
Based on these three major material categories, the specific engineering applications in multi-phase separation scenarios such as wastewater purification, industrial waste gas treatment, and oil-gas field development are systematically investigated. In wastewater purification, the application of superwettable granular filter media achieves robust and continuous separation performance in the treatment of complex emulsified oily wastewater (both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions) and multi-component dyeing effluents containing microplastics or organic dyes. In industrial waste gas treatment, the enhanced capacity of activated carbon for the selective capture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) in challenging, moisture-rich environments is extensively demonstrated and validated. Moreover, the innovative application of quartz sand in oilfield production as a proppant for hydraulic fracturing is highlighted, demonstrating that hydrophobic modifications can effectively reduce water friction during injection, selectively inhibit early water breakthrough, and maintain stable oil conductivity even under extremely high closure pressures.
Finally, the current technical bottlenecks of this rapidly evolving field are clearly identified, indicating the future development direction. However, challenges including the economic viability of large-scale preparation, structural stability under extreme environments, and the complexity of the synergistic removal of multiple pollutants still exist. In the future, the critical technical barriers of scalable manufacturing for industrial-grade granular media are expected to be overcome. Based on this, multi-pollutant synergistic removal composite systems capable of simultaneous degradation might be further developed. The development will gradually move towards the in-depth clarification of multi-scale mass transfer and multi-phase coupling regulation mechanisms. This will potentially facilitate the transition of superwetting granular filter media from laboratory-scale research to widespread industrial application.

Key words

granular filter media / wettability / surface engineering / water purification / atmospheric purification

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YUAN Luhan, KONG Pingping, YANG Yang, JI Yanzheng, ZHANG Youfa. Progress in Granular Filter Media with Superwettability for Water and Air Purification[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(20): 182-200

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