Transparent Surface Anti-icing/Deicing Technologies: Progress, Challenges and Prospects

NIU Yifan; WU Tao; WANG Zhuofang; TAO Xingfu

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.18.013

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (18) : 158-178. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.18.013

Functional Surfaces and Technology

Transparent Surface Anti-icing/Deicing Technologies: Progress, Challenges and Prospects

NIU Yifan^*, WU Tao, WANG Zhuofang, TAO Xingfu^*

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Abstract

Transparent anti-icing/deicing materials have attracted growing interest owing to their unique ability to simultaneously maintain optical transmittance and mitigate ice accretion in applications such as construction glass, aircraft windshields, optical sensors, and photovoltaic modules, where both visibility and operational safety are critically required. Nevertheless, achieving efficient anti-icing and deicing performance without sacrificing high visible-light transmittance remains a major challenge. In recent years, transparent materials integrating multiple functionalities, including superhydrophobicity, photothermal conversion, and electrothermal heating, have developed rapidly. By coupling passive anti-icing with active deicing strategies, these systems have demonstrated enhanced icing-delay capability, accelerated ice melting, and improved ice removal efficiency, thereby offering a promising route to address the long-standing trade-off between transparency and ice-management performance.
With a focus on the critical challenge of achieving multi-mechanism synergy under transparency constraints, the fundamental mechanisms governing passive anti-icing in transparent materials are first outlined, encompassing superhydrophobic surfaces that delay ice nucleation through nanoscale interfacial engineering and slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) that minimize ice adhesion via liquid-like lubrication layers. Then, active deicing strategies based on photothermal and electrothermal conversion are also systematically analyzed, with a particular emphasis on spectrally selective absorption that enables efficient heat generation without compromising visible-light transmittance. The applicability and inherent limitations of these mechanisms in transparent systems are also critically evaluated. Furthermore, this work highlights the synergistic interactions among different mechanisms elucidating how the integration of passive and active approaches to improve icing-delay capability, reduce ice adhesion strength, and rapid thermal deicing.
Subsequently, the design and fabrication strategies of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials are comprehensively summarized. Typical fabrication methods, including etching, templating, chemical vapor deposition, electrospinning, sol-gel processing, and spray coating, are comparatively analyzed from construction path, structural controllability, and engineering applicability. The relationships between micro/nano structure dimensions and optical properties are further discussed to clarify how subwavelength structures can suppress light scattering while maintaining excellent hydrophobicity or thermal conversion capability.
Furthermore, the application prospects of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials in representative scenarios are discussed in detail. In multiple fields such as transportation, power energy, intelligent buildings, etc., transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials can be applied to the surfaces of automotive windshields, solar photovoltaic modules, smart building glass, etc. Different application scenarios have significantly different performance requirements for materials. Therefore, it's a key research issue to achieve a reasonable balance among multiple performance requirements and achieve targeted optimization through structural control and functional integration.
Finally, the major challenges and future development trends of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials are summarized. Although remarkable progress has been achieved, several critical issues still hinder their practical implementation, including insufficient long-term durability under repeated icing/deicing cycles, the trade-off between transparency and anti-icing/deicing efficiency, and difficulties associated with scalable and low-cost fabrication. Future research aims to continue along the lines of multi-mechanism coupling and collaboration, systematic integrated design, and improved engineering reliability. Development direction will focus on additional functional collaboration integration, biomimetic structural design, smart responsive materials, and artificial-intelligence-assisted materials development. This review is expected to provide a systematic understanding of the mechanisms and design principles of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing material. It points out the problems existing in current research, and provide useful guidance for the theoretical design and practical implementation of high-performance transparent ice-management systems.

Key words

transparent anti-icing/deicing materials / multi-mechanism synergy / superhydrophobic anti-icing / photothermal deicing / electrothermal deicing

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NIU Yifan, WU Tao, WANG Zhuofang, TAO Xingfu. Transparent Surface Anti-icing/Deicing Technologies: Progress, Challenges and Prospects[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(18): 158-178

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Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation of China (22402226); Joint Funds of the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (24JCQNJC00050); Tianjin Municipal Education Commission Scientific Research Program (2023KJ229); the Civil Aviation Security Capacity Building Funds of China (HA202512); the National Natural Science Foundation Supporting Project of Civil Aviation University of China (3122025PT10)