Research Progress of Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Cu-based Bimetallic Nanomultilayer Films

GAO Ruize; ZHANG Xiaoming; GUO Xuan; SUN Wenqian; YUAN Xinyi

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.18.001

PDF(12276 KB)

Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (18) : 1-13. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.18.001

Research Progress of Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Cu-based Bimetallic Nanomultilayer Films

GAO Ruize, ZHANG Xiaoming^*, GUO Xuan, SUN Wenqian, YUAN Xinyi

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Cu-based bimetallic nanomultilayers, as a novel class of nanostructured materials whose components and structures can be precisely tailored, exhibit significantly superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance compared to traditional single-layer films due to their high-density heterogeneous interfaces. Consequently, they demonstrate broad application prospects in high-tech fields such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), flexible electronic devices, and surface protection engineering. In recent years, with the continuous advancement of micro- and nanoscale mechanical testing techniques and high-resolution interface characterization methods, researchers have been able to reveal interface effects, size effects, and their intrinsic correlations with macroscopic properties at a more refined structural level. This direction has gradually become a frontier hotspot in materials science.
From the perspective of synergistic regulation of "functional units" and "geometric configurations", the work aims to systematically review recent progress in research on the microstructural evolution mechanisms of Cu-based bimetallic nanomultilayers. It focuses on analyzing the effect of different crystal structure matching on their microstructural characteristics and discusses the critical role of interfacial energy states and lattice mismatch in the growth behavior of the multilayers. From the perspective of component layer matching, the evolution of grain morphology characteristics across multiple layers is investigated, and the formation conditions of polycrystalline lattice structures are systematically summarized. Furthermore, the transformation process of interface structures driven by thermodynamics is elucidated, and an in-depth comparison is made regarding the significant differences in grain morphology, interface structure, energy state, and stability between crystalline/crystalline and crystalline/amorphous multilayers.
On this basis, the evolution of size-dependent mechanical properties is discussed in detail, pointing out that the multilayers exhibit pronounced size effects and characteristics dominated by small-scale interfaces. The strengthening mechanisms governed by interface structures and grain sizes under dimensional constraints are systematically summarized, revealing the synergistic role of grain boundaries and phase boundaries in coordinating the deformation process, and elucidating the intrinsic mechanisms by which the multilayers achieve significantly enhanced mechanical properties at the nanoscale. It is also noted that the introduction of an amorphous phase can significantly alter the strengthening mode, and the crystalline-amorphous composite deformation mechanism is introduced. Meanwhile, it is proposed that the multilayers, relying on their high-density interfacial physical barrier effect and interlayer electrochemical synergy, possess unique advantages in improving corrosion resistance. From the perspective of interface engineering, various optimization strategies for enhancing corrosion resistance are proposed, including introducing metallic elements to form dense passive films, utilizing multilayer interfaces to block the propagation paths of corrosion channels, improving surface hydrophobicity, and incorporating an amorphous phase.
Finally, this work provides an outlook on the future development directions and prospects of Cu-based bimetallic nanomultilayers. It suggests establishing quantitative prediction models that link microstructural parameters (layer thickness, interfacial coherency, grain size, etc.) with macroscopic properties, by combining high-throughput computations and machine learning. Attention should also be paid to the material behavior under severe service environments involving coupled mechanical-electrochemical-chemical multi-fields, so as to provide a scientific basis for designing engineered multilayer materials with high stability and reliability.

Key words

Cu-based bimetallic nanomultilayer films / microstructure / mechanical properties / deformation mechanism / corrosion resistance

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

GAO Ruize, ZHANG Xiaoming, GUO Xuan, SUN Wenqian, YUAN Xinyi. Research Progress of Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Cu-based Bimetallic Nanomultilayer Films[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(18): 1-13

References

[1] 孙军, 刘刚, 丁向东. 介观尺度铜膜力学行为尺度效应研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2009, 28(1): 49-53.
SUN J, LIU G, DING X D.Progress in the Size- Dependent Mechanical Properties of Cu Films at Mesoscale[J]. Materials China, 2009, 28(1): 49-53.
[2] MISRA A, KUNG H, EMBURY J D.Preface to the Viewpoint Set On: Deformation and Stability of Nanoscale Metallic Multilayers[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2004, 50(6): 707-710.
[3] TOLENTINO-HERNANDEZ R V, JIMENEZ-MELERO E, CARDONA-CASTRO M A, et al. Interfacial Local Strain Analysis in [Cu/W]n Multilayers Produced by Sequential RF Sputtering[J]. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2026, 86: 108751.
[4] LI R H, LI X C, LIU H, et al.Atomic Scale Deformation Mechanisms in Cu/Zr Multilayers in Nano-Scratching Processes[J]. Journal of Molecular Modeling, 2026, 32(3): 73.
[5] LAI W S, YANG M J.Observation of Largely Enhanced Hardness in Nanomultilayers of the Ag-Nb System with Positive Enthalpy of Formation[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2007, 90(18): 181917.
[6] SCHWEITZ K O, CHEVALLIER J, BØTTIGER J, et al. Hardness in Ag/Ni, Au/Ni and Cu/Ni Multilayers[J]. Philosophical Magazine A, 2001, 81(8): 2021-2032.
[7] HE C L, ZHANG J L, XIE L P, et al.Microstructure, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of TiN/Ni Nanomultilayered Films[J]. Rare Metals, 2019, 38(10): 979-988.
[8] ZHU X Y, LUO J T, ZENG F, et al.Microstructure and Ultrahigh Strength of Nanoscale Cu/Nb Multilayers[J]. Thin Solid Films, 2011, 520(2): 818-823.
[9] 欧忠文, 徐滨士, 马世宁, 等. 纳米表面工程中的纳米结构涂层组装[J]. 机械工程学报, 2002, 38(6): 5-10.
OU Z W, XU B S, MA S N, et al.Synthesis of Nanostructeredengineering Coating in nano-Surface-Engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2002, 38(6): 5-10.
[10] KOEHLER J S.Attempt to Design a Strong Solid[J]. Physical Review B, 1970, 2(2): 547-551.
[11] BLUM W.The Structure and Properties of Alternately Electrodeposited Metals[J]. Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc., 1921, 40: 307.
[12] WEN S P, ZONG R L, ZENG F, et al.Nanoindentation Investigation of the Mechanical Behaviors of Nanoscale Ag/Cu Multilayers[J]. Journal of Materials Research, 2007, 22(12): 3423-3431.
[13] XU K Z, ZHOU Y Q, CHEN Y X, et al.Investigation of Shear Responses and Underlying Deformation Mechanisms of Cu/Ta Nanolayered Composite[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2025, 688: 162395.
[14] WEN S P, ZENG F, PAN F, et al.The Influence of Grain Morphology on Indentation Deformation Characteristic of Metallic Nano-Multilayers[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2009, 526(1/2): 166-170.
[15] TRAN A S.Phase Transformation and Interface Fracture of Cu/Ta Multilayers: A Molecular Dynamics Study[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2020, 239: 107292.
[16] LU L, HUANG C, PI W L, et al.Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Effects of Interface Imperfections and Modulation Periods on Cu/Ta Multilayers[J]. Computational Materials Science, 2018, 143: 63-70.
[17] MISRA A, VERDIER M, LU Y C, et al.Structure and Mechanical Properties of Cu-X (X=Nb, Cr, Ni) Nanolayered Composites[J]. Scripta Materialia, 1998, 39(4/5): 555-560.
[18] MISRA A, KRUG H.Deformation Behavior of Nanostructured Metallic Multilayers[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2001, 3(4): 217-222.
[19] EMBURY J D, HIRTH J P.On Dislocation Storage and the Mechanical Response of Fine Scale Microstructures[J]. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1994, 42(6): 2051-2056.
[20] CHU X, BARNETT S A.A Model of Superlattice Yield Stress and Hardness Enhancements[J]. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 2011, 382(1): 291.
[21] KATO M, MORI T, SCHWARTZ L H.Hardening by Spinodal Modulated Structure[J]. Acta Metallurgica, 1980, 28(3): 285-290.
[22] LIU Y, YANG K M, HAY J, et al.The Effect of Coherent Interface on Strain-Rate Sensitivity of Highly Textured Cu/Ni and Cu/V Multilayers[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2019, 162: 33-37.
[23] LORENZIN G, JEURGENS L P H, CANCELLIERI C. Stress Tuning in Sputter-Grown Cu and W Films for Cu/W Nanomultilayer Design[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2022, 131(22): 225304.
[24] LIANG X Q, ZHANG J Y, WANG Y Q, et al.Tuning the Size-Dependent He-Irradiated Tolerance and Strengthening Behavior of Crystalline/Amorphous Cu/Ta Nanostructured Multilayers[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2016, 672: 153-160.
[25] LI J J, QIN F, YAN D S, et al.Shear Instability in Heterogeneous Nanolayered Cu/Zr Composites[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2022, 105: 81-91.
[26] CHEN Y, LI N, HOAGLAND R G, et al.Effects of Three-Dimensional Cu/Nb Interfaces on Strengthening and Shear Banding in Nanoscale Metallic Multilayers[J]. Acta Materialia, 2020, 199: 593-601.
[27] HU M, GAO X M, WENG L J, et al.The Microstructure and Improved Mechanical Properties of Ag/Cu Nanoscaled Multilayer Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 313: 563-568.
[28] YAMAMOTO S, NARUMI K, MIYASHITA A, et al.5-1 Characterization of Epitaxial Cu/Nb Multilayer with RBS/Channeling[C]//TIARA Annual Report 1997, 1998, 98: 175.
[29] BAUER E, VAN DER MERWE J H. Structure and Growth of Crystalline Superlattices: From Monolayer to Superlattice[J]. Physical Review B, 1986, 33(6): 3657-3671.
[30] SU R Z, NEFFATI D, LI Q, et al.Ultra-High Strength and Plasticity Mediated by Partial Dislocations and Defect Networks: Part I: Texture Effect[J]. Acta Materialia, 2020, 185: 181-192.
[31] YUE T, WANG Y Q, ZHANG J Y, et al.Unraveling the Discrepancies in Size Dependence of Hardness and Thermal Stability in Crystalline/Amorphous Nanostructured Multilayers: Cu/Cu-Ti vs. Cu/HfO₂[J]. Nanoscale, 2018, 10(29): 14331-14341.
[32] 张金钰, 刘刚, 孙军. 纳米金属多层膜的变形与断裂行为及其尺寸效应[J]. 金属学报, 2014(2): 169-182.
ZHANG J Y, LIU G, SUN J.Size Effects on Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Nanostructured Metallic Multilayers[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2014(2): 169-182.
[33] SÁENZ-TREVIZO A, HODGE A M. Nanomaterials by Design: A Review of Nanoscale Metallic Multilayers[J]. Nanotechnology, 2020, 31(29): 292002.
[34] ZHAO Y F, WANG Y Q, ZHANG J Y, et al.Ultra-Strong Metal/High Entropy Alloy Nanolaminates: Utilizing Size Constraining Effects on Phase Transformation[J]. Science China Materials, 2023, 66(11): 4207-4219.
[35] ZHANG J Y, LIU Y, CHEN J, et al.Mechanical Properties of Crystalline Cu/Zr and Crystal-Amorphous Cu/Cu-Zr Multilayers[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2012, 552: 392-398.
[36] ZHANG J Y, LIU G, LEI S Y, et al.Transition from Homogeneous-Like to Shear-Band Deformation in Nanolayered Crystalline Cu/Amorphous Cu-Zr Micropillars: Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Size Effect[J]. Acta Materialia, 2012, 60(20): 7183-7196.
[37] WANG J, ZHOU Q, SHAO S, et al.Strength and Plasticity of Nanolaminated Materials[J]. Materials Research Letters, 2017, 5(1): 1-19.
[38] MISRA A, HIRTH J P, HOAGLAND R G.Length- Scale-Dependent Deformation Mechanisms in Incoherent Metallic Multilayered Composites[J]. Acta Materialia, 2005, 53(18): 4817-4824.
[39] ZHAO Y F, ZHANG J Y, WANG Y Q, et al.Unusual Plastic Deformation Behavior of Nanotwinned Cu/High Entropy Alloy FeCoCrNi Nanolaminates[J]. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(23): 11340-11350.
[40] MISRA A, KUNG H, MITCHELL T E, et al.Residual Stresses in Polycrystalline Cu/Cr Multilayered Thin Films[J]. Journal of Materials Research, 2000, 15(3): 756-763.
[41] 刘贵民, 王尧, 朱晓莹, 等. Cu/Zr纳米多层膜的力学性能及塑性变形行为[J]. 装甲兵工程学院学报, 2016, 30(5): 77-81.
LIU G M, WANG Y, ZHU X Y, et al.Mechanical Properties and Plastic Deformation Behavior of Cu/Zr Nanoscale Multilayer Films[J]. Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering, 2016, 30(5): 77-81.
[42] WANG J, HOAGLAND R G, HIRTH J P, et al.Atomistic Simulations of the Shear Strength and Sliding Mechanisms of Copper-Niobium Interfaces[J]. Acta Materialia, 2008, 56(13): 3109-3119.
[43] HAZZLEDINE S I R P M. Atomistic Simulations of Dislocation-Interface Interactions in the Cu-Ni Multilayer System[J]. Philosophical Magazine A, 2000, 80(9): 2011-2040.
[44] HOAGLAND R G, KURTZ R J, HENAGER C H.Slip Resistance of Interfaces and the Strength of Metallic Multilayer Composites[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2004, 50(6): 775-779.
[45] WENG S Y, NING H M, HU N, et al.Strengthening Effects of Twin Interface in Cu/Ni Multilayer Thin Films-a Molecular Dynamics Study[J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 111: 1-8.
[46] 朱晓莹, 潘峰. 金属纳米多层膜力学性能研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2011, 30(10): 1-13.
ZHU X Y, PAN F.Progress in Research Properties of Nanoscale on the Mechanical Metallic Multilayers[J]. Rare Metals Letters, 2011, 30(10): 1-13.
[47] ZHOU Q, HUANG P, LIU M B, et al.Grain and Interface Boundaries Governed Strengthening Mechanisms in Metallic Multilayers[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017, 698: 906-912.
[48] ZHAO Y F, CHEN B, WANG Y Q, et al.Size-Dependent Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Crystalline/Amorphous High-Entropy Alloy Nanostructured Multilayers: Cu/FeCoCrNiBSi vs Ni/FeCoCrNiBSi[J]. Acta Materialia, 2023, 246: 118706.
[49] WANG Y Q, WU K, ZHANG J Y, et al.Probing the Size- and Constituent-Mediated Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior in Crystalline/Amorphous Nanolaminates[J]. Nanoscale, 2018, 10(46): 21827-21841.
[50] CHEN F H, QIN F.Enhancing the Resistance to Shear Instability in Cu/Zr Nanolaminates through Amorphous Interfacial Layer[J]. Nanomaterials, 2025, 15(17): 1323.
[51] TREXLER M M, THADHANI N N.Mechanical Properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2010, 55(8): 759-839.
[52] WANG Y M, LI J, HAMZA A V, et al.Ductile Crystalline-Amorphous Nanolaminates[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104(27): 11155-11160.
[53] 高瑞泽, 王亚强, 张金钰, 等. 金属/高熵合金纳米多层膜的制备、微观结构及力学性能研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2024, 43(1): 12-23.
GAO R Z, WANG Y Q, ZHANG J Y, et al.Research Progress on the Preparation, Microstructure andMechanical Properties of Metal/High-EntropyAlloy Nanostructured Multilayers[J]. Materials China, 2024, 43(1): 12-23.
[54] 张金钰, 屈启蒙, 王亚强, 等. 金属/高熵合金纳米多层膜的力学性能及其辐照效应研究进展[J]. 金属学报, 2022, 58(11): 1371-1384.
ZHANG J Y, QU Q M, WANG Y Q, et al.Research Progress on Irradiation Effects and Mechanical Properties of Metal/High-Entropy Alloy Nanostructured Multilayers[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2022, 58(11): 1371-1384.
[55] LI Q, ZHANG J Y, SUN J, et al.Nanostructural Characteristics-Mediated Plastic Behavior of Cu/Ag Polycrystalline Multilayered Materials[J]. Physica Scripta, 2021, 96(1): 015701.
[56] WANG J, HOAGLAND R G, MISRA A.Room- Temperature Dislocation Climb in Metallic Interfaces[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2009, 94(13): 131910.
[57] LIN F H, XIA Y Q, FENG X.Conductive and Tribological Properties of TiN-Ag Composite Coatings under Grease Lubrication[J]. Friction, 2021, 9(4): 774-788.
[58] CHEN Z.Friction Reduction Effect of Soft Coatings[J]. Journal of Tribology, 2019, 141(10): 104501.
[59] ZHAO K, AGHABABAEI R.Adhesive Wear Law at the Single Asperity Level[J]. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2020, 143: 104069.
[60] FENG X C, LU C, JIA J H, et al.High Temperature Tribological Behaviors and Wear Mechanisms of NiAl-NbC-Ag Composites Formed by In-Situ Decomposition of AgNbO₃[J]. Tribology International, 2020, 141: 105898.
[61] YU D, YU L H, ASEMPAH I, et al.Microstructure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of VCN-Ag Composite Films by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2020, 399: 126167.
[62] SHI P Y, YU Y, XIONG N N, et al.Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of a Novel Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed AlCoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy Matrix Self-Lubricating Composite Coatings[J]. Tribology International, 2020, 151: 106470.
[63] GABE D R.Protective Layered Electrodeposits[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1994, 39(8/9): 1115-1121.
[64] SPILKA M, ŁOŃSKI W, BABILAS R. Corrosion Properties of Electrodeposited Cu/Co Multilayers[J]. Metalurgija, 2021, 60(1/2): 39-42.
[65] 骆立立, 费敬银, 王磊, 等. 组分调制Cu/Ni多层膜的合金化及其合金化镀层的耐蚀特性[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2014, 34(6): 523-531.
LUO L L, FEI J Y, WANG L, et al.Alloying of Compositionally Modulated Cu/Ni Multilayer Films and Corrosion Performance of Cu-Ni Alloy Coatings[J]. Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection, 2014, 34(6): 523-531.
[66] SUN J H, LI H, ZHONG Q D, et al.Electrodeposition and Corrosion Resistance of Cu/Zn/Cu Multilayer Coatings[J]. Materials Science Forum, 2017, 893: 313-317.
[67] MYUNGL N V, RYU K H, KIM J H, et al.Electrodeposition of NiFe Thin Films and NiFe/Cu Multilayers with a Recirculating Electrochemcial Flow Reactor[J]. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 1999, 562(1): 81-86.
[68] LIAO Y, GABE D R, WILCOX G D.Study of Zinc-Iron Alloy Electrodeposition Using a Rotating Cylinder Hull Cell[J]. Plating and Surface Finishing, 1998, 85(3): 60-66.
[69] WATSON S A.Zinc-Nickel Alloy Electroplated Steel Coil and Other Precoated Coil for Use by the Automotive Industry: A Review of Literature Published 1983 to 1987[M]. Nickel Development Institute, European Technical Information Centre, 1988.
[70] 王丽君, 文广, 李明昆, 等. TiAlN/CrN多层膜的组织结构及耐蚀性机理[J]. 表面技术, 2020, 49(8): 268-274.
WANG L J, WEN G, LI M K, et al.Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance Mechanism of TiAlN/CrN Multilayer Coatings[J]. Surface Technology, 2020, 49(8): 268-274.
[71] BENBALLA M, NILS L, SARRET M, et al.Zinc-Nickel Codeposition in Ammonium Baths[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2000, 123(1): 55-61.
[72] MAJOR L, KRAWIEC H, LACKNER J M, et al.Nanoscale Characterization of Corrosion Mechanisms in Advanced Zr/ZrxN and Zr/ZrxN+a-C: H Nano-Multilayer Coatings for Medical Tools[J]. Materials Characterization, 2020, 168: 110565.
[73] ROZEN A E, LOS` I S, KRYUKOV D B, et al. New Multilayer Corrosion Resistant Materials for Nuclear Power Engineering[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015, 770: 40-44.
[74] MENG K K, TAN X, SHANG F, et al.A Universal Method to Fabricate Cu Films with Superhydrophobic and Anti-Corrosion Properties[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2019, 35(6): 695-701.
[75] JIANG X H, ZHOU C J, SU J, et al.Enhanced Anti-Icing and Drag Reduction of Multilayer Composite Structure Superhydrophobic Surface[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2025, 686: 162178.
[76] BAKHTIARIFARD F, NAYEBPASHAEE N.Enhanced Corrosion Protection and Hydrophobic Performance of Ni/Ag-SiC Multilayer Coatings via Pulse Reverse Electrodeposition[J]. Metals and Materials International, 2026: 1-23.
[77] TIAN Q J, XIA X L, LI X L, et al.Robust Hierarchical Nanocomposite Coating with Synergistic Electro-Photothermal and Superhydrophobicity for Ice Mitigation[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2026, 300: 131524.
[78] LI J N, XU L Y.Microstructure, Multi-Phase and Corrosion Resistance of Amorphous Phase Reinforced Multi-Layer Fabricated by Laser Beam[J]. Physica Scripta, 2023, 98(12): 125933.
[79] KONDOH K, FUJITA J, UMEDA J, et al.Estimation of Compositions of Zr-Cu Binary Sputtered Film and Its Characterization[J]. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2008, 2008: 518354.
[80] 张金钰, 张欣, 牛佳佳, 等. Cu/X(X=Cr, Nb)纳米多层膜力/电学性能的尺度依赖性[J]. 金属学报, 2011, 47(10): 1348-1354.
ZHANG J Y, ZHANG X, NIU J J, et al.Length Scale Dependent Mechanical/Electrical Properties of Cu/X (X=CR, NB) Nanostructured Metallic Multilayers[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2011, 47(10): 1348-1354.
[81] 张欣, 张金钰, 刘刚, 等. Cu/Nb纳米金属多层膜延性及断裂行为的尺寸效应[J]. 金属学报, 2011, 47(2): 246-250.
ZHANG X, ZHANG J Y, LIU G, et al.Length Scale Dependent Ductility and Fracture Behavior of Cu/Nb Nanostructured Metallic Multilayers[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2011, 47(2): 246-250.
[82] LIN D Y, ZHANG N N, HE B, et al.Structural Evolution and Performance Changes in FeCoCrNiAlNbxHigh- Entropy Alloy Coatings Cladded by Laser[J]. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 2017, 26(8): 2005-2012.
[83] ABBUD L H, AL-MASOUDY M M M, HUSSIEN OMRAN S, et al. Experimental Study the Mechanical Properties of Nano Composite Materials by Using Multi-Metallic Nano Powder/Epoxy[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023, 80: 2495-2500.
[84] CEMIN F, JIMENEZ M J M, LEIDENS L M, et al. A Thermodynamic Study on Phase Formation and Thermal Stability of AlSiTaTiZr High-Entropy Alloy Thin Films[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 838: 155580.
[85] CEMIN F, DE MELLO S R S, FIGUEROA C A, et al. Influence of Substrate Bias and Temperature on the Crystallization of Metallic NbTaTiVZr High-Entropy Alloy Thin Films[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2021, 421: 127357.
[86] GERELEGIZ L G, KARPUZ A, KAPLAN N, et al.Magnetic Behavior Affected by Structural Properties in Sputtered Co/Cu Multilayers: Effect of Total Thickness and Deposition Rate[J]. ChemistrySelect, 2025, 10(41): e05203.
[87] ELSAFI B.Structural and Interfacial Effects on Magnetoresistance in Ultra-Thin Co/Cu Multilayers[J]. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2025, 14(7): 073002.
[88] ELSAFI B.Influence of Spacer Layer Thickness on the Current-in-Plane Magnetoresistance in Co/Cu Multilayered Films[J]. Applied Physics A, 2025, 131(5): 409.
[89] QIN F, WANG Y D, CHEN J, et al.The Quantitative Evaluation of the Plasticity of Nb/Amorphous CuNb Nanolayered Thin Films by Micro-Pillar Compressions and Micro-Indentations as Well as Their Correlation[J]. International Journal of Plasticity, 2025, 188: 104294.
[90] LU X, ZENG L F, ZHANG J H, et al.Significant Enhancement in the Strength and Thermal Stability of Cu/Nb Nano-Multilayer via a Minor Ag Doping[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1022: 180035.
[91] CONSTANTINESCU C D, PĂTROI E A, SCĂRIȘOREANU N D, et al. Laser-Engineered Co/Cu Multilayers by Pulsed Laser Deposition: Interfacial Control, Spin-Dependent Transport, and Enhanced Giant Magnetoresistance[J]. Magnetochemistry, 2026, 12(5): 55.