Research Progress of Broadband Transparent Absorbers Based on Metamaterials

ZHANG Zhibo; MIN Pingping; SONG Zicheng; WANG Tianyu; CHEN Ruirun; ZHU Jiaqi

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.16.016

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (16) : 226-245. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.16.016

Functional Surfaces and Technology

Research Progress of Broadband Transparent Absorbers Based on Metamaterials

ZHANG Zhibo^1a,2, MIN Pingping^2,*, SONG Zicheng^1b,*, WANG Tianyu^1c, CHEN Ruirun^1a,1d, ZHU Jiaqi^1b,2,*

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Abstract

Broadband transparent metamaterial absorbers play an irreplaceable role in the field of electromagnetic shielding and protection for both military and civilian transparent windows, owing to their ability to balance visible light transmission and microwave absorption and their most critical performance characteristic as the working bandwidth. The work aims to comprehensively review the research progress on broadband transparent metamaterial absorbers, focusing on their design theories, material systems, and methods for enhancing bandwidth. Firstly, the fundamental electromagnetic theories for transparent absorbers, including impedance matching theory, effective medium theory, equivalent circuit models, and multiple interference theory are presented, providing a theoretical framework. The Smith retrieval method is introduced for constitutive parameter extraction. Subsequently, the equivalent circuit approach overcomes effective medium theory limitations by linking geometrical features with electromagnetic parameters and analyzing inter-element interactions. However, for complex patterns, building equivalent circuit models via function fitting is cumbersome, yielding non-unique solutions, and tending to converge to local optima. In terms of material selection, the dielectric spacer in transparent microwave absorbers must simultaneously serve as a mechanical support and contribute to electromagnetic tuning, generally requiring electrical non-conductivity and high optical transmittance. Although air, with the lowest relative permittivity, enables the widest absorption bandwidth, materials such as PMMA and PVC represent more practical choices for flexible transparent dielectrics once structural integrity is considered. The impedance-matching layer commonly employs transparent conductive materials like graphene, transparent conductive oxides (e.g., ITO), or metallic grids, where periodic patterning is used to introduce inductive or capacitive responses that broaden the absorption bandwidth. However, each of these materials involves inherent trade-offs between performance and fabrication process. The ground plane needs to combine low sheet resistance with high visible transmittance: while metallic grids can achieve an excellent balance between these two requirements, their processing difficulty and cost become limiting factors for high-frequency applications. Next, various approaches for working bandwidth expansion are summarized: (1) employing broadband loss materials like water and graphene; (2) constructing multilayer, sandwich, and step structures to broaden the bandwidth by leveraging multi-resonance coupling effects; (3) combining Salisbury screen designs with meta-surfaces to achieve controllable broadband responses through the modulation of reflection phase; (4) introducing three-dimensional metamaterial structures to enhance resonance and impedance matching capabilities; and (5) implementing inverse design and performance customization of structural patterns based on topology optimization and equivalent circuit models. Furthermore, several typical studies are cited as examples to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of these methods in enhancing absorption bandwidth while maintaining optical transparency. However, the current research still faces multiple challenges for practical applications, including further improving angular and polarization stability, achieving structural thinning, and developing novel absorbers with features such as dynamic tunability, resilience to extreme environments, flexibility for wearable applications, and multi-band synergistic absorption. Additionally, although machine learning has begun to assist in design, it currently primarily serves as a simulation surrogate model and remains constrained by data dependency, computational costs, and model capacity. In the future, by integrating physics-informed neural networks and developing end-to-end optimization frameworks, it is expected to more efficiently break the design bottlenecks associated with multi-objective, high-dimensional parameter spaces. In summary, through a comprehensive review of the theories, materials, and methods related to broadband transparent metamaterial absorbers, the work aims to provide a reference and inspiration for subsequent research and engineering applications of high-performance, multifunctional transparent absorption structures.

Key words

electromagnetic shielding / metamaterial absorber / impedance matching / working bandwidth / optimization design

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ZHANG Zhibo, MIN Pingping, SONG Zicheng, WANG Tianyu, CHEN Ruirun, ZHU Jiaqi. Research Progress of Broadband Transparent Absorbers Based on Metamaterials[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(16): 226-245

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Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB3811600); National Natural Science Foundation of China (52502091); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Fund (2024M764200); National Postdoctoral Researchers Funding Program (GZC20242199); HIT Internal Major Research Initiative (2023FRFK01002)