To extend the service life of wear-resistant steel NM500, the friction and wear behavior of NM500 over a wide temperature range are investigated, so as to clarify the influence mechanism of temperature on wear resistance and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the performance of wear-resistant steels. Systematic friction and wear tests are conducted on NM500 steel, which is processed under specified thermo-mechanical conditions including heating at 1 200 ℃, rough rolling commencing at 1 100 ℃, intermediate slab thickness of 140 mm, finish rolling initiated at 930 ℃, followed by quenching at 910 °C and tempering at 220 ℃. The experiments are performed under a controlled set of tribological parameters: a rotational speed of 354 r/min, a normal load of 150 N, a wear track diameter of 15 mm, and a test duration of 60 minutes. The temperature is varied across a broad spectrum encompassing cryogenic (-50, -25, 0 ℃), ambient (25 ℃), and elevated (100, 200, 300, 600 ℃) regimes to comprehensively evaluate its tribological performance. The microstructure of NM500 steel is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Phase analysis of the wear scars after testing is conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the morphology of the worn surfaces is examined using both SEM and 3D laser confocal microscopy. This study discusses the wear resistance properties and wear mechanisms of NM500 steel across a broad temperature span. With increasing temperature, the amount of oxide formed on the worn surface of NM500 increases, and the friction coefficient decreases, reaching a minimum of 0.3, which is 50% lower than that at lower temperature. At low temperature, the worn surface mainly shows ploughing grooves and some abrasive particles, while at high temperature, the surface appears relatively smooth with fewer abrasive particles and visible microcracks. Three-dimensional profiles of the wear tracks indicate that wear at low temperature is relatively mild, whereas at high temperature, the tracks are deeper with pronounced raised edges. Low-temperature wear is primarily characterized by abrasive mechanisms, accompanied by minor adhesive wear, resulting in a wear rate of only 1.29×10‒6 mm3/(N·m). In contrast, high-temperature wear is dominated by adhesive, oxidative, and abrasive mechanisms. The wear rates recorded at 100, 200, 300 and 600 ℃ were 18×10‒6, 22.7×10‒6, 46.7×10‒6, and 128×10‒6 mm3/(N·m), respectively, indicating that elevated temperature aggravates material loss. The microstructure of NM500 steel consists mainly of fine plate-like martensite, with an average grain size of 7.08 μm. This structure contributes to its high hardness and excellent wear resistance. The friction and wear behavior of NM500 at -50, -25, 0 and 25 ℃ show similar trends. Although the oxide layer on the contact surface increases with temperature, a continuous oxide film is not fully developed, and abrasive wear remains the dominant mechanism. During high-temperature tests at 100, 200, 300 and 600 ℃, significant frictional heat promotes the formation of a continuous oxide film. Both the wear extent and wear rate increase substantially. At 100 ℃ and 200 ℃, abrasive wear is still predominant, with secondary contributions from fatigue and oxidative wear. As temperature increases further, oxidative wear becomes more prominent. Thus, at 300 ℃ and 600 ℃, oxidative wear is the main mechanism, accompanied by some abrasive wear.
Key words
NM500 /
low-temperature wear /
high-temperature wear /
oxidative wear /
wear mechanism
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Funding
Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China (2023ZLGX05, 2023CXGC010406); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52331004, U2106216); the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024ZD14, ZR2022ZD12); the Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Innovation Project (25-1-1-gjgg-44-hy); the Taishan Scholars of Climbing Plan (tspd20230603)
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