Research Progress on Anti-reflective Coatings for Photovoltaic Glass

MENG Dan; REN Lu; WANG Xinluan; NI Jia; BAO Tian; NI Huinai; HE Meng

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.06.012

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (6) : 158-174. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.06.012

Functional Surfaces and Technology

Research Progress on Anti-reflective Coatings for Photovoltaic Glass

MENG Dan¹, REN Lu^1,*, WANG Xinluan¹, NI Jia², BAO Tian², NI Huinai¹, HE Meng³

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Abstract

The reflection of sunlight at the interface of photovoltaic glass and air leads to a significant loss of incident energy, directly impairing the power output of solar modules. To mitigate this loss and enhance light transmittance, the application of anti-reflective (AR) coatings is a critical and effective solution. Among various candidate materials, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) has emerged as the predominant and most advantageous choice for AR coatings on PV glass. Its refractive index (≈1.45) is closest to the theoretical optimum required for minimizing reflection on glass substrates. Beyond this intrinsic optical merit, SiO₂ boasts exceptional chemical stability, high laser damage threshold, and superior mechanical robustness. Furthermore, through the engineering of micro- and nano-scale porous structures, SiO₂ coatings can achieve broadband and omnidirectional anti-reflection, surpassing the limitations of traditional quarter-wavelength designs. This unique combination of near-ideal optical properties, durability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental compatibility solidifies its status as the material of choice for high-performance PV applications.
However, as photovoltaic technology expands into diverse environments—from conventional farms to building-integrated systems (BIPV) and harsh climatic zones—the demands for AR coatings have evolved. The industry now requires coatings that not only maximize transmittance but also possess enhanced durability against environmental stressors, improved mechanical strength to resist abrasion, and additional functionalities like self-cleaning or anti-soiling properties. Conventional single-layer SiO₂coatings often fall short in meeting these multifaceted needs. Concurrently, research efforts, while extensive, lack a consolidated overview that systematically synthesizes recent advancements in key areas such as process optimization, structural design innovation, and performance-enhancing modifications.
To address this gap, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in SiO₂-based AR coatings for photovoltaic glass. It begins by elucidating the fundamental optical principles behind anti-reflection, explaining why SiO₂'s properties make it an optimal and ubiquitous choice. The discussion then focuses on the sol-gel method, the most prevalent and scalable deposition technique in the industry. The core chemical processes, namely the hydrolysis and condensation of silicon alkoxide precursors, are detailed, followed by a comparative analysis of three catalytic pathways: acid-catalysis, base-catalysis, and acid-base hybrid catalysis. Each method yields distinct sol structures and final film characteristics, which directly influence the optical performance, mechanical integrity, and adhesion of the coating. Furthermore, the review categorizes and analyzes various AR coating architectures, including single-layer porous SiO₂ coatings, valued for their simplicity and effectiveness; double-layer or multilayer interference stacks designed to broaden the antireflective bandwidth; graded-index coatings, where a continuous porosity gradient creates a seamless transition in refractive index for ultra-low reflectance; and organic-inorganic hybrid coatings, which incorporate polymers to enhance flexibility, toughness, or specific surface properties. The advantages and trade-offs of each design are examined. Finally, to meet the demand for multifunctional, high-durability coatings, the paper surveys three pivotal modification strategies: 1) Surface Modification: Employing silane coupling agents to impart self-cleaning capabilities and improve chemical resistance. 2) Rare-earth Ion Doping: Incorporating ions like La³⁺ or Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ to strengthen the silica network, enhance UV stability, and improve mechanical hardness. 3) Porogen Modification: Using templating agents or sacrificial components to create precisely controlled nanoporous structures, enabling exceptionally low refractive indices and superior broadband AR performance. For each approach, the underlying mechanism and the resulting improvements in coating performance are clarified.
By systematically consolidating these research strands, this review aims to serve as a valuable reference, bridging theoretical insights with practical applications, and providing a clear direction for the future development and industrial implementation of advanced, multifunctional SiO₂anti-reflective coatings in the photovoltaic industry.

Key words

Antireflection film / Photovoltaic glass / SiO₂ / Glass coating / Coating / Modification

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MENG Dan, REN Lu, WANG Xinluan, NI Jia, BAO Tian, NI Huinai, HE Meng. Research Progress on Anti-reflective Coatings for Photovoltaic Glass[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(6): 158-174

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Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51902219); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20190949); Opening Project of State Silica-Based Materials Laboratory of Anhui Province (2022KF15); Funding for the "Blue Project" in Jiangsu Universities