Research Progress of Superwetting Materials and Their Application in Oil-water Separation

WU Tianhao; WANG Yuhua; QU Ting; ZHENG Xianmin; ZHANG Hailong

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.04.012

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4) : 138-159. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.04.012

Functional Surfaces and Technology

Research Progress of Superwetting Materials and Their Application in Oil-water Separation

WU Tianhao^1,2,3, WANG Yuhua², QU Ting⁴, ZHENG Xianmin², ZHANG Hailong^2,3,*

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Abstract

With the rapid development of marine economy, trade, and manufacturing, the challenges posed by marine oil spillage and industrial oily wastewater pollution to the environment are becoming increasingly severe. Consequently, the advancement of novel eco-friendly materials capable of rapidly mitigating oil spillage and efficiently achieving oil-water separation has emerged as a prominent research focus.
This paper comprehensively reviews and discusses the latest progress of superwetting materials in oil-water separation systems in recent years, with focuses on the following aspects: Firstly, it elaborates systematically on the basic properties and preparation methodologies of superwetting materials; Secondly, it specifically introduces the construction of diverse superwetting materials, including superlipophilic and superhydrophilic multifunctional materials, which respectively exhibit exceptional affinity towards oil and water, enabling instantaneous spreading of either substance on their surfaces; superwetting aerogel materials, which effectively manipulate the distribution pattern of liquids through the synergistic design of micro/nano hierarchical pore structures and surface chemical modifications; and Janus materials, an emerging new category of materials, characterized by asymmetric structures or heterogeneous/uneven distribution of chemical compositions. These properties endow their surfaces with different performance characteristics on both sides; and intelligent responsive wettable materials, which integrate superwettability with stimulus responsiveness, allowing for intelligent and reversible alteration of surface wetting behaviors under external environmental stimuli, thereby enabling on-demand control of liquid manipulation, separation, and sensing functionalities.
These materials are developed through various innovative design paradigms, including biomimetic approaches, and sophisticated fabrication techniques such as molecular grafting. They not only exhibit exceptional oil-water contact angles but also demonstrate significant potential in terms of permeation flux and mechanical robustness. In recent years, superwetting materials have achieved substantial progress in both laboratory research and practical oil-water separation applications. These materials either enhance design efficacy through optimized natural wetting mechanisms or improve performance metrics via advanced material processing techniques, thereby significantly augmenting their oil-water separation capabilities. However, the materials required for practical applications should not only be capable of effectively removing oil stains from wastewater, but also be able to deal with pollutants such as heavy metal ions and microorganisms. Given the complexity and variability of real environments, the long-term stability of superwetting materials remains suboptimal, which constrains their widespread implementation in this field. To address and tackle these challenges, contemporary research focuses on developing cost-effective and energy-efficient oil-water separation material systems.
This is achieved through the advancement of environmentally benign biomimetic micro-structures surface, such as superhydrophilic systems inspired by shark skin and superhydrophobic structures inspired by rose petals, while integrating innovative improvements in various material interface/surface modification technologies, including laser-induced paper modification. These innovations aim to establish superwetting materials as future-oriented materials with comprehensive, stable performance characteristics and enhanced oil-water separation efficiency. Although superwetting materials have many outstanding properties, they still face limitations such as insufficient long-term stability in practical applications. Currently, people are addressing this challenge by improving related interface modification techniques. Novel superwetting materials represent a highly promising class of advanced materials for future environmental applications.
In conclusion, new superwetting materials will be the most promising environmental-friendly materials in the future. The application work of coupling multiple wetting characteristic materials still needs to be further explored and studied in depth.

Key words

oil-water separation / wettability / super lipophilic multifunctional material / super hydrophilic multifunctional material / Janus materials / intelligent response

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WU Tianhao, WANG Yuhua, QU Ting, ZHENG Xianmin, ZHANG Hailong. Research Progress of Superwetting Materials and Their Application in Oil-water Separation[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(4): 138-159

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