Research Progress on Influences of Water Jet Strengthening Technology on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Performance

YU Yan; WANG Youqiang; ZHANG Ping; YUE Xiujie; GAO Yeran

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.03.016

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (3) : 196-218. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.03.016

Surface and Interface Strengthening Technology

Research Progress on Influences of Water Jet Strengthening Technology on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Performance

YU Yan¹, WANG Youqiang^1,*, ZHANG Ping², YUE Xiujie¹, GAO Yeran¹

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Abstract

In the dynamic realm of materials science and engineering, water jet surface strengthening technology has emerged as a revolutionary approach, captivating the attention of researchers and engineers worldwide. With the continuous advancement of industries like aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing, the demand for materials with enhanced fatigue resistance and superior surface integrity has reached new heights. Traditional surface strengthening methods often struggle to meet these stringent requirements, especially when materials are subject to high-stress and complex environments. For instance, in aerospace engines, components must endure extreme temperature, high-speed rotation, and intense vibration, making fatigue failure a constant concern. This is where water jet surface strengthening technology steps in, offering a viable solution and attracting increasing research efforts to optimize its processes and expand its applications.
The essence of water jet surface strengthening lies in its multi-faceted mechanisms. By generating high-velocity water jets, either pure or mixed with abrasives, it imparts controlled impacts on the material surface. The induction of residual compressive stress is a key mechanism. When a metallic component, such as a steel shaft in heavy machinery, is under cyclic loading, the residual compressive stress induced by water jet treatment counteracts the tensile stress, effectively delaying the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Additionally, the process promotes the formation of a plastic deformation layer, which significantly increases the surface hardness and wear resistance. For automotive gears, this means a longer service life and reduced maintenance costs. Moreover, the high-energy impact of the water jet triggers microstructural changes, such as grain refinement. Research shows that in aluminum alloys, water jet treatment can reduce the average grain size by up to 30%, leading to improved strength and toughness.
This review systematically examines the main types of water jet technologies. Pure water jet technology, with its simplicity and environmental-friendliness, is ideal for applications where minimal material damage is required, such as in the treatment of precision electronic components. It can reduce surface roughness by approximately 20%, enhancing the component's performance. Abrasive water jet technology, by adding particles like garnet or silicon carbide, increases the jet's cutting and impact capabilities, making it suitable for strengthening hard materials. In the manufacturing of large-scale metal structures, abrasive water jet treatment can increase surface hardness by about 25%. Ultrasonic water jet technology combines water jets with ultrasonic vibrations, leveraging the cavitation effect to improve surface integrity, especially for materials with complex microstructures.
When compared with other surface strengthening techniques, water jet surface strengthening has its unique advantages and limitations. Unlike shot peening, which may have difficulties in treating complex geometries uniformly, water jet technology can be precisely adjusted to reach every corner of the workpiece. Compared with laser shock peening, which often causes thermal effects that may change material properties, water jet strengthening is mainly a cold-working process, preserving the original material characteristics. However, achieving a deep strengthening layer remains a challenge that requires further optimization of process parameters. The influence of process parameters on the strengthening effect is also explored. Jet pressure directly affects the impact energy, with higher pressures leading to greater plastic deformation but also increasing the risk of surface damage. Standoff distance and nozzle traverse speed determine the energy distribution and treatment coverage. In abrasive water jet technology, the type, size, and flow rate of abrasives play crucial roles in the final strengthening outcome.
In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive overview of water jet surface strengthening technology. Its findings are of great significance for both theoretical research and practical applications in industries with high-demand for material performance, paving the way for further development of this promising technology.

Key words

water jet / surface strengthening / fatigue properties / surface integrity / process parameters / microscopic mechanism

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YU Yan, WANG Youqiang, ZHANG Ping, YUE Xiujie, GAO Yeran. Research Progress on Influences of Water Jet Strengthening Technology on Surface Integrity and Fatigue Performance[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(3): 196-218

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (51575216); Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021ME063); Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2024ZDZX3053)