Research Progress on Evaluation and Mechanisms of Milling Performance under Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)

MA Hengyu; CHEN Fukuan; CHEN Cheng; DAI Fang; WEN Zhiyuan; DU Feilong

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.03.011

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (3) : 122-147. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.03.011

Precision and Ultra-precision Machining

Research Progress on Evaluation and Mechanisms of Milling Performance under Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)

MA Hengyu^a, CHEN Fukuan^a, CHEN Cheng^a, DAI Fang^a, WEN Zhiyuan^b, DU Feilong^a,*

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Abstract

With the growing severity of the global climate change and the deepening implementation of sustainable development concepts, the advancement of China's "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" strategic goals has charted the course for green development in manufacturing. Against this backdrop, the rapid development of green manufacturing technologies is reshaping traditional production models, presenting the manufacturing industry with unprecedented pressures and opportunities for clean transformation. Traditional cutting processes have long relied heavily on the use of large quantities of cutting fluids. This extensive processing approach not only leads to significant wastes of precious petroleum-based resources but also generates hazardous waste liquids that cause persistent pollution to the ecological environment. Additionally, enterprises must bear the escalating costs of waste fluid treatment. These issues severely constrain the sustainable development of manufacturing. To address these challenges, Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been developed. This technology atomizes minute amounts of lubricant into micron-sized droplets using high-pressure gases and delivers them precisely to the cutting zone through specialized nozzles. While ensuring machining performance, it reduces lubricant usage to one ten-thousandth of traditional methods, significantly improving lubrication efficiency and environmental performance. Precisely, this revolutionary technological breakthrough positions MQL as one of the most promising research hotspots in green manufacturing. This paper systematically reviews the latest research findings both domestically and internationally, providing a comprehensive overview of the application progress and current status of mechanistic analysis of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) in milling processes. It focuses on exploring the core working principles and unique technical characteristics of MQL from a fundamental theoretical perspective, conducts a detailed comparison of the performance differences among various equipment types, and analyzes the synergistic effects of multiple hybrid technologies. Based on extensive experimental data, the paper offers an in-depth examination of MQL's influence mechanisms in milling, including the dynamic characteristics of cutting forces, distribution patterns of cutting temperatures, evolution of tool wear, surface integrity conditions, and chip formation mechanisms. Furthermore, by analyzing the formation and transport of micro-droplets as well as their transmission and spreading behaviors, the paper elucidates the "minimal yet highly efficient" cooling and lubrication mechanism of MQL. Through systematic research synthesis, this paper proposes three critical breakthrough directions for future MQL development, namely, developing synergistic control methods for hybrid energy fields (such as ultrasonic vibration and laser assistance); promoting deep integration between micro/nano manufacturing technology and surface functionalization engineering; and developing high-performance lubricants based on novel nanomaterials or biodegradable media. These innovative directions will propel MQL toward intelligent, high-precision, adaptive, and sustainable leapfrog development, providing greener and more efficient machining solutions for high-end manufacturing fields such as difficult-to-machine aerospace materials and precision electronic micro-devices, ultimately supporting China's manufacturing transformation and upgrading under the dual-carbon goals.

Key words

minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) / milling / machining performance / atomization characteristics / micro- droplet transport and spreading behavior / cooling and lubrication mechanism

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MA Hengyu, CHEN Fukuan, CHEN Cheng, DAI Fang, WEN Zhiyuan, DU Feilong. Research Progress on Evaluation and Mechanisms of Milling Performance under Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(3): 122-147

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Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation of China (52365055); The Basic Research Program of Guizhou Province (Qiankehejichu- ZK[2024]common 090); Laboratory Open Project of Guizhou University (SYSKF2025-027)