Research Progress on Preparation and Applications of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Drag Reduction

CUI Zixuan; HOU Xianhui; DONG Shuliang; AN Libao

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.02.012

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (2) : 151-181. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.02.012

Functional Surfaces and Technology

Research Progress on Preparation and Applications of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Drag Reduction

CUI Zixuan, HOU Xianhui, DONG Shuliang^*, AN Libao^*

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Abstract

The optimization of drag reduction for moving objects in fluid media has emerged as a cutting-edge multidisciplinary research field. Data indicate that frictional drag accounts for approximately 50% of total resistance in ships and up to 70% in underwater vehicles, leading to increased fuel consumption, high carbon emissions (with global maritime transport contributing ~10% of emissions), and limitations in operational range for applications like deep-sea exploration. Addressing these challenges, superhydrophobic surfaces, characterized by their micro-nanostructures and exceptional water-repellent properties, have opened new avenues for drag reduction by forming stable air lubrication layers that minimize direct fluid-solid contact and alter interfacial interactions. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in superhydrophobic surface drag reduction technologies from four key aspects of theoretical mechanisms, fabrication techniques, practical applications, and future prospects.
The first section delves into the theoretical underpinnings of superhydrophobic drag reduction, with focuses on the mechanisms governing slip effect, which are pivotal to reducing frictional drag. Key models, such as Young's equation, Wenzel, and Cassie models, describe the relationship between surface roughness, contact angle, and wettability, highlighting how micro-nanostructures trap air to create a low-friction gas-liquid interface. The slip length, a critical parameter in Navier's slip theory, quantifies the fluid's tangential velocity at the interface, with larger slip lengths correlating to enhanced drag reduction.
The second section delves into the mechanisms by which air layer stability influences the drag-reduction performance of superhydrophobic surfaces, systematically elucidating the physical mechanisms underlying air layer failure. It focuses on analyzing the interplay of multiple factors, including hydrostatic pressure, pressure gradients, gas diffusion, and water flow shear stress, and their combined effects on air layer stability. Based on this, the design principles of superhydrophobic surfaces with underwater stability, such as self-responsive structures, micro-nano multi-level structures, and double-concave structures, are introduced, and systematic optimization schemes for enhancing air layer stability are summarized.
The third section elaborates on fabrication techniques for superhydrophobic surfaces, which are categorized into top-down (e.g., chemical etching, laser ablation) and bottom-up (e.g., coating deposition, sol-gel, electrodeposition, templating) methods. Each technique's advantages, such as the precision of laser ablation or the scalability of chemical etching, are weighed against limitations like high costs or environmental concerns. Biomimetic approaches, inspired by natural superhydrophobic surfaces like those of Salvinia, further enhance air layer stability and drag reduction efficiency. Experimental methods for measuring drag reduction, including velocity measurement, direct force measurement, torque measurement, and pressure drop techniques, are also reviewed.
The fourth section explores practical applications, demonstrating superhydrophobic surfaces' transformative potential in marine vessels, pipeline transport, microfluidic systems, and medical devices. In maritime applications, superhydrophobic coatings reduce drag by up to 40%, improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions. In pipelines and microchannels, these surfaces have lower pressure drops, enhancing energy efficiency. In medical applications, superhydrophobic surfaces mitigate blood adhesion and thrombosis, reducing complications in devices like catheters, with drag reduction efficiencies reaching up to 76%.
The final section addresses challenges, such as maintaining air layer stability under high-pressure flows, and proposes future research directions. Innovations combining biomimetic designs, hybrid fabrication methods, and scalable production techniques are expected to overcome current limitations. Superhydrophobic surfaces hold immense potential for enhancing energy efficiency, reducing operational costs, and supporting global sustainability goals by facilitating greener transportation and optimized energy systems. Continued advancements in air layer stability and durable surface designs will be critical to realizing their widespread industrial adoption.

Key words

superhydrophobic surfaces / fluid / drag reduction / micro-nano structures / slip effect / gas-liquid interfaces

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CUI Zixuan, HOU Xianhui, DONG Shuliang, AN Libao. Research Progress on Preparation and Applications of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Drag Reduction[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(2): 151-181

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