Research Progress on Laser Protective Thin Film for Space Solar Arrays

GAO Zhengyuan; SHAN Xianhao; HU Jie; SUN Pengfei; LUO Zikang; ZHANG Mingxin; REN Zhong; WANG Shuai; FENG Xiangchao

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.01.011

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Surface Technology ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (1) : 122-135. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.01.011

Equipment Surface Engineering

Research Progress on Laser Protective Thin Film for Space Solar Arrays

GAO Zhengyuan¹, SHAN Xianhao¹, HU Jie^1,*, SUN Pengfei¹, LUO Zikang¹, ZHANG Mingxin¹, REN Zhong², WANG Shuai², FENG Xiangchao²

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Abstract

High-energy laser weapons, with characteristics such as rapid response and high precision, can strike long- distance spacecraft, which seriously threaten the safety of spacecraft. Meanwhile, space solar arrays, the important component of spacecraft, are prone to becoming attack targets, due to their large area and long on-orbit exposure time. As we all know, the lack of effective protection will lead to damage or even failure of spacecraft functions. Therefore, developing targeted laser protective technologies has become a crucial requirement for ensuring the on-orbit safety of spacecraft.
Firstly, the damage mechanisms of continuous-wave lasers and pulsed lasers to solar arrays are expounded. Continuous- wave lasers mainly cause thermal damage through heat accumulation, resulting in material melting, electrode oxidation and structural damage to the battery. Due to their extremely high peak power density, pulsed lasers will cause changes in the surface morphology and internal structure of batteries through thermal stress. Although the damage mechanisms of different types of lasers to solar cells are different, the damage to solar cell arrays under laser irradiation is closely related to the thermodynamic and optical properties of the cells themselves. Normally, laser protection technologies are divided into two categories of active protection and passive protection. Nevertheless, active protection is constrained by several drawbacks, including high hardware costs, complex systems and the possibility of response delays. While laser protective films divided into reflective protective films and absorptive protective films in passive protection do not rely on external energy, with low cost and high reliability, making them a mature protection solution at present. Among laser protective films, reflective protective films are the mainstream technology, as they deflect laser energy to avoid heat accumulation. Limited to the low thermal stability and narrow effective wavelength bands, absorptive protective films are often utilized as a secondary method. Subsequently, the design and preparation of reflective laser protective films are introduced in detail. During the design process of reflective laser protective films, based on the interference principle and matrix admittance method, the optimal design of the multilayer film structure enables the film to simultaneously achieve high reflectivity in the laser band and high transmittance in the operating band of the solar array, thereby further meeting the application requirements of laser protective films for space solar arrays. In the preparation part, the preparation of laser protective films mainly relies on physical vapor deposition technologies, including thermal evaporation, magnetron sputtering and ion beam-assisted deposition. Each technology has its own characteristics and needs to be selected according to requirements in terms of cost, film quality and substrate size.
At present, some typical applications of laser protective films on solar arrays for different space mission scenarios are reported. It is pointed out that they not only have reliable protective effectiveness but also possess stable structural performance in complex space environments. To address the upgraded threats from multi-band, high-power laser weapons to solar arrays in the future, efforts should be concentrated on developing new ultra-broad-spectrum, high-refractive-index thin-film materials to overcome the shortcomings of traditional materials in protective bands and reflection efficiency. Additionally, it is also recommended to optimize the micro-structure of film layers and stacking methods to achieve the integration of multi-band protection. These measures will provide more comprehensive technical support for the long-term on-orbit safety and stable energy supply of space solar arrays.

Key words

space solar array / laser weapons / damage mechanisms / protective technologies / laser protective film / typical application

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GAO Zhengyuan, SHAN Xianhao, HU Jie, SUN Pengfei, LUO Zikang, ZHANG Mingxin, REN Zhong, WANG Shuai, FENG Xiangchao. Research Progress on Laser Protective Thin Film for Space Solar Arrays[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(1): 122-135

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (22272013); Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN202300739)