Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Metallic Materials in Marine Environments: from Mechanisms to Mitigation

YANG Jingzhi; JIN Yuting; LOU Yuntian; ZHANG Dawei

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.011

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Surface Technology ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (21) : 143-158. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.011

Research Review

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Metallic Materials in Marine Environments: from Mechanisms to Mitigation

YANG Jingzhi¹, JIN Yuting², LOU Yuntian¹, ZHANG Dawei^1,2,*

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Abstract

Marine microbiologically influenced corrosion is a critical factor causing the failure of major engineering facilities including ships, platforms, and pipelines. This phenomenon results in enormous economic losses and significant safety risks in marine environments. This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress in this field, providing a comprehensive analysis from fundamental mechanisms to advanced mitigation strategies. The study begins with an in-depth analysis of corrosive microorganisms and their mechanisms. Sulfate-reducing bacteria are recognized as the primary contributors to MIC. These bacteria reduce sulfate to sulfide in anaerobic environments, producing hydrogen sulfide that directly attacks metal surfaces. The corrosion mechanisms of SRB are complex and controversial. Traditional theories focus on metabolic product corrosion, where sulfide reacts with iron ions to form iron sulfide. This process releases protons, lowers local pH, and creates an acidic microenvironment. Recent research suggests that SRB may primarily use hydrogen as an intermediate electron carrier rather than direct extracellular electron transfer. Metal-oxidizing bacteria and metal-reducing bacteria are two other key microbial groups. Metal-oxidizing bacteria such as iron-oxidizing bacteria and manganese-oxidizing bacteria use metals as electron donors for energy metabolism. They create an oxidant regeneration cycle by continuously reoxidizing corrosion byproducts back to high-valence metal ions. Metal-reducing bacteria like Geobacter and Shewanella species utilize metal ions as electron acceptors. Their core mechanism involves extracellular electron transfer directly from the metal surface. Acid-producing bacteria also play a significant role by generating organic or inorganic acids that create highly corrosive local environments. Additionally, archaea and fungi have been increasingly recognized for their contributions to marine MIC. The core mechanisms of microbial corrosion can be systematically categorized into three types. The first is extracellular electron transfer-based corrosion, where microbes directly obtain electrons from the metal surface. This includes direct electron transfer through physical contact, mediated electron transfer using electron shuttles, and hydrogen-mediated electron transfer. The second mechanism is metabolite-based corrosion, where microbial metabolic products chemically attack metals. This includes acid corrosion, corrosive gas and sulfide corrosion, and the effects of extracellular polymeric substances and enzymes. The third mechanism involves the physical and chemical properties of biofilms, which creates oxygen concentration cells and various concentration cells that accelerate localized corrosion. In natural marine environments, MIC is rarely caused by single microbial species. Instead, it is dominated by complex multi-species biofilms that often cause more rapid and severe localized corrosion. These biofilms exhibit synergistic effects through various interactions. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria create stratified microenvironments, with aerobic bacteria consuming oxygen on the outer layer to create ideal anaerobic conditions for anaerobic bacteria. Different microbial species establish metabolic cross-feeding relationships, such as the sulfur cycle between sulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Inter-microbial electron transfer also enhances corrosive processes. Competition for nutrients and space can indirectly exacerbate corrosion by selecting for more aggressive microbial strains. Quorum sensing acts as a command center, coordinating community behavior and maximizing corrosion efficiency. Traditional prevention strategies include material design, surface protection, coatings, and biocides. Material design focuses on improving inherent corrosion resistance through alloying and microstructure control. Surface protection methods like cathodic protection alter the metal-solution interface state. Coatings provide physical barriers, while biocides directly kill or inhibit corrosive microorganisms. However, these traditional methods face limitations including environmental pollution, microbial resistance, and high maintenance costs. Emerging microbial corrosion inhibition strategies represent a paradigm shift toward ecological regulation. These approaches utilize beneficial microorganisms or their metabolic products to control corrosion. Direct protection mechanisms include forming protective biofilms that act as physical barriers, inducing biomineralization to create protective mineral layers, and biologically consuming corrosive components. Indirect mechanisms involve biological competition where beneficial microbes outcompete corrosive ones, secretion of antimicrobial substances, and quorum sensing inhibition to disrupt microbial communication. Advanced smart materials based on microbial technology, such as functionalized biofilms and self-healing coatings, represent the future direction of corrosion protection. Future research should integrate interdisciplinary approaches to address the complexity of real marine environments. Multi-omics technologies and in-situ analysis methods are needed to reveal the dynamic evolution of biofilm communities and their interactions with material interfaces. Attention should be paid to atypical microorganisms like viruses and archaea in corrosion networks. In prevention technology development, green strategies should be promoted, including engineering strains based on synthetic biology, using artificial intelligence to screen efficient inhibitors, and developing smart materials for real-time risk perception and autonomous response. Long-term field tests and data-driven model construction will be crucial for validating laboratory results and promoting engineering applications. The integration of microbiology, materials science, electrochemistry, and artificial intelligence offers promising prospects for achieving long-term protection and sustainable development of marine engineering facilities.

Key words

microbiologically influenced corrosion / marine environment / biofilm / corrosion prevention and control

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YANG Jingzhi, JIN Yuting, LOU Yuntian, ZHANG Dawei. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Metallic Materials in Marine Environments: from Mechanisms to Mitigation[J]. Surface Technology. 2025, 54(21): 143-158 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.011

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