Micro-nano Structured Heat Pipes and Their Bionic Fluid Interface Enhancement Technology

CHEN Xiupeng; LI Rongyue; YANG Xiaolong

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.002

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Surface Technology ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (21) : 23-46. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.002

Special Topic—Design and Applications of Hierarchical Surface Structure Exhibiting Superwettability

Micro-nano Structured Heat Pipes and Their Bionic Fluid Interface Enhancement Technology

CHEN Xiupeng, LI Rongyue, YANG Xiaolong^*

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Abstract

With the rapid advancement of electronic and new energy devices toward extreme miniaturization and high integration, such as the shrinking size of high-performance microchips, the compact design of lithium-ion battery packs for electric vehicles, and the dense layout of components in renewable energy systems, the demand for efficient heat dissipation under high heat flux conditions has become increasingly urgent. Excessive heat accumulation in these devices not only degrades operational performance and shortens service life but also poses potential safety hazards, making effective thermal management a critical bottleneck to further technological progress. As high-efficiency passive heat transfer devices leveraging phase-change mechanisms, heat pipes have emerged as a core solution, for their ability to transfer large amounts of heat with minimal temperature differences far surpasses traditional conductive or convective heat transfer methods. Focusing on the core objective of maximizing heat pipe heat transfer efficiency, this paper systematically reviews the technical pathways and latest research progress in optimizing heat pipe performance from two fundamental and interconnected dimensions: the design of micro/nano-structured wicks and the regulation of interfacial wettability, both of which directly govern the fluid transport and phase-change processes that determine the overall thermal performance of heat pipes. In terms of micro/nano-structured wicks, a core component influencing heat pipe functionality, the paper first examines the inherent trade-off between capillary force and permeability in traditional wick structures like sintered metal powders, grooved surfaces, and mesh screens. These conventional designs often face a dilemma, namely structures with strong capillary are forced to draw condensed working fluid back to the evaporator tend to have narrow pores that restrict fluid flow and reduce permeability, while structures with high permeability to facilitate fluid circulation lack sufficient capillary suction for effective liquid return. To mitigate this contradiction, composite wicks are developed, integrating advantages of different structural types, such as combining the strong capillary force of nano-fibers with the high permeability of macroporous metal frameworks, to achieve partial balance. Notably, composite wicks with biomimetic structures, inspired by natural systems like plant root vascular networks or insect wing microtextures, break this limitation. Their multi-scale optimized architectures enable both robust capillary suction for reliable liquid supply and unobstructed channels for efficient fluid transport, further releasing traditional wick performance bottlenecks. Wettability, a key surface property mediating interactions between the wick's micro/nano-structure and working fluids like water, ethanol, or refrigerants, plays a pivotal role in enhancing heat pipe two-phase phase-change heat transfer. Based on classic wetting theories including Young's equation, the Wenzel model for rough surface wetting, and the Cassie-Baxter model for non-wetting "lotus effect" surfaces, the paper elaborates how biomimetic topological structures and patterned wetting interfaces tune dynamic interaction characteristics between the wick and working fluid, modifying surface energy and roughness to control fluid spreading, adhesion, and phase transition, and thus strengthening evaporation and condensation efficiency. Specifically, biomimetic super-lyophilic surfaces with micro/nano protrusions promote rapid nucleation at the evaporator to accelerate vaporization; super-lyophobic surfaces reduce condensed droplet adhesion at the condenser for high-frequency detachment and prevent heat-impeding thick liquid films; Patterned surfaces alternating super-lyophilic and super-lyophobic regions optimize liquid-vapor distribution, boosting condensation and evaporation/boiling efficiency while improving capillary supply stability to avoid evaporator dry-out. Finally, the paper outlines future heat pipe development trends, including dynamic response regulation of biomimetic interfaces for real-time wettability adjustment based on fluctuating heat flux, functional enhancement via integrating thermal conductive materials or anti-corrosion coatings into wicks, long-term stability improvement addressing fluid leakage or wick degradation, and interdisciplinary applications combining heat pipe technology with materials science, microfabrication, and biology to develop ultra-thin heat pipes for flexible electronics or high-temperature ones for aerospace engines. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights for designing next-generation high-performance heat pipes, supporting electronic and new energy industry advancement and addressing future high-heat-flux device thermal management challenges.

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micro-nano structure / bionic structure / wick / wettability / capillary action / heat pipe

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CHEN Xiupeng, LI Rongyue, YANG Xiaolong. Micro-nano Structured Heat Pipes and Their Bionic Fluid Interface Enhancement Technology[J]. Surface Technology. 2025, 54(21): 23-46 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.21.002

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