Improvement of Hydrogen Permeation Resistance in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel by Ultrasonic-assisted Laser Peening

WEN Jinjin; HUANG Shu; SHENG Jie; ZHU Mingliang; DAI Fengze; AGYENIM-BOATENG Emmanuel; ZHAO Chaojun; SHA Qinqing; MENG Xiankai; WU Bin; ZHOU Jianzhong

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.19.010

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Surface Technology ›› 2025, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (19) : 110-126. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.19.010

Laser Surface Modification Technology

Improvement of Hydrogen Permeation Resistance in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel by Ultrasonic-assisted Laser Peening

WEN Jinjin¹, HUANG Shu^1,*, SHENG Jie¹, ZHU Mingliang², DAI Fengze¹, AGYENIM-BOATENG Emmanuel¹, ZHAO Chaojun¹, SHA Qinqing¹, MENG Xiankai¹, WU Bin³, ZHOU Jianzhong^1,4

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Abstract

In order to improve the hydrogen permeation resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS), the work aims to propose a novel surface strengthening process combining the advantages of ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP) and laser peening (LP). This novel composite strengthening method, known as ultrasonic-assisted laser peening (ULP), was utilized to strengthen the surface of 2205 DSS specimens by generating a nano-scale gradient structure, which effectively inhibited the penetration of harmful chemical elements, especially hydrogen. The surface microstructural characteristics, surface roughness, and residual stress of the specimens under different process parameters were analyzed. The effects of LP, USRP, and ULP on the surface properties of 2205 DSS were studied comparatively. Electrochemical hydrogen charging, X-ray diffraction, and hydrogen permeation tests were performed to investigate the microstructural evolution mechanisms and their impact on hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity. All three surface treatments resulted in grain refinement, with the ULP treatment achieving the best grain refinement. The average grain size of the surface layer after ULP treatment was about 6.125 μm, with a refinement rate of 39.51%. The nano-grain layer was distributed in the surface layer, and the grain size gradually increased with depth. The maximum depth of the grain refinement layer was 694 μm for ULP, which was deeper than that of LP (678 μm) and USRP (300 μm). Compared to the other two methods, ULP induced a higher dislocation density, reaching 1.048×10¹⁵ m^-2, and resulted in a high residual compressive stress of 1 217 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of LP (512 MPa) and USRP (1 048 MPa). Additionally, ULP combined the technical advantages of LP and USRP, significantly increasing the austenite phase content, and producing a smoother surface compared to traditional LP, reducing the surface roughness to only 0.016 µm. The hydrogen permeation test showed that the ULP-treated specimens exhibited the longest hydrogen penetration time and the lowest apparent hydrogen diffusion coefficient. The hydrogen penetration time was 8.0×10⁵ s, and the hydrogen apparent diffusion coefficient was 2.31×10^-15 m²/s, demonstrating better hydrogen diffusion suppression than LP and USRP treatments. In conclusion, the ULP treatment significantly improves the plastic strain and surface strengthening effect, leading to remarkable improvements in surface roughness and more pronounced grain refinement. The high magnitude and deep residual compressive stress introduced by ULP significantly increase the crack initiation threshold and effectively suppress the initiation and propagation of hydrogen-induced cracks through crack closure effects. The nano-scale gradient structure not only hinders the penetration of hydrogen atoms through the refined nano-layer but also effectively suppresses hydrogen-induced martensitic transformation. Additionally, defects such as grain boundaries and high dislocation density capture hydrogen atoms, preventing hydrogen atom accumulation in localized areas, thus reducing the risk of hydrogen-induced plastic loss and cracking. The increase in austenite phase content further enhances the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the material. Therefore, the proposed ULP technique offers a novel approach for enhancing the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of 2205 DSS, contributing to the broader application of surface deformation strengthening techniques in the field of hydrogen embrittlement resistance.

Key words

2205 duplex stainless steel / ultrasonic-assisted laser peening / grain refinement / gradient nanostructure / hydrogen permeation

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WEN Jinjin, HUANG Shu, SHENG Jie, ZHU Mingliang, DAI Fengze, AGYENIM-BOATENG Emmanuel, ZHAO Chaojun, SHA Qinqing, MENG Xiankai, WU Bin, ZHOU Jianzhong. Improvement of Hydrogen Permeation Resistance in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel by Ultrasonic-assisted Laser Peening[J]. Surface Technology. 2025, 54(19): 110-126 https://doi.org/10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2025.19.010

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Funding

National Nature Science Foundation of China (52375186, 52375436); Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty (ZYGXQNJSKYCXNLZCXM-D5); Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (BK20221365); National Training Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates (202410299001Z); Key R&D and Achievement Transformation Plan of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (2025YFHH0104)