Femtosecond laser processing of micro-nanostructures represents an advanced and effective method for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces. Its advantage lies in the precise control of the microstructures on the material surface, enabling fine-tuned manipulation of surface wettability. The work aims to analyze the effect of different laser parameters on the formation of microstructures on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) surfaces with femtosecond laser technology, and explore the impact of various microstructural parameters on the surface hydrophobicity of CFRP. This provides valuable insights for the development of self-cleaning and corrosion-resistant CFRP surfaces. Grid-like microstructures were created on the CFRP surface with a femtosecond laser micromachining system. The process involved sequentially adjusting various laser parameters, including laser power, marking speed, number of marking passes, and laser frequency, to process the CFRP surface. After processing, the morphology of the microstructures was analyzed and characterized with an ultra-depth-of-field microscope (VHX-6000). This analysis aimed to determine the effect of individual laser parameter variations on the dimensions and shapes of the microstructures. An orthogonal experiment with four factors at five levels was conducted to prioritize the effect of laser parameters on the microstructures, leading to the identification of the optimal combination of processing parameters. Finally, the wettability of the material surfaces with different microstructures was analyzed with a contact angle measuring instrument. The results revealed a positive correlation between laser power and laser spot diameter. When the laser power exceeded 1.7 W, the processing width increased, accompanied by damage to the microstructure morphology. The marking speed affected the processing depth, with a decrease in speed, resulting in an increase in depth. However, at the speed below 100 mm/s, the microstructure morphology was damaged due to ablation, while at the speed above 250 mm/s, the processing depth was too shallow. When the number of marking passes exceeded six, overall ablation and gasification of the structure occurred, while fewer than two passes resulted in insufficient processing depth. An increase in laser frequency led to an increase in processing depth, but when the frequency surpassed 200 kHz, the top of the structure was ablated and gasified, flattening the processed surface and reducing its roughness. Through the orthogonal experiment, the primary and secondary impacts of processing parameters on microstructures were determined. For microstructural periodic spacing, the marking speed had the most significant impact, followed by laser power and the number of scanning passes, with laser frequency having the least impact. Similarly, the marking speed had the greatest impact on the aspect ratio of microstructures, followed by the number of scanning passes and laser power, with laser frequency again having the least impact. By adjusting laser parameters, the microstructures with varying periodic spacing and aspect ratios were prepared, and the contact angles of each microstructured surface were measured. The contact angle values for different periodic spacing were fitted with a Gauss function, revealing an approximate Gaussian distribution between 0.75 and 2.85 microns of periodic spacing, with a maximum value at 1.95 microns. For different aspect ratios ranging from 0.61 to 3.56, a polynomial function was used for nonlinear curve fitting. The results showed that as the aspect ratio increased, the contact angle gradually increased, reaching a maximum at 3.56. With the optimal parameters obtained from the fitting results, the processed CFRP surface achieved a static contact angle of 162.21°, demonstrating excellent hydrophobic properties. The conclusion indicates that for the liquid droplets to remain in a stable Cassie-Baxter state on the material surface, the periodic spacing of the microstructures should be less than the critical spacing of 1.95 microns, and the aspect ratio should exceed the critical value of 1.76. Within this range of structural parameters, effectively enhancing the contact angle between droplets and the material surface, thereby achieving superhydrophobicity, can be accomplished by increasing the processing width to reduce the side length of the pillars and increasing the processing depth. Specifically, under conditions of 1.6 W laser power, 250 mm/s marking speed, six marking passes, 100 kHz laser frequency, and 30 μm scanning spacing, grid-like microstructures with a height of 36.17 μm, an aspect ratio of 3.56, and a periodic spacing of 1.81 microns are fabricated, resulting in a superhydrophobic CFRP surface with a contact angle of 162.21°.
Key words
carbon fiber reinforced polymer /
femtosecond laser /
wettability /
surface microstructure /
contact angle /
superhydrophobicity
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Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51805207)
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