The increase in train speed and axle loads leads to increasingly significant wheel-rail rolling contact fatigue and wear. Wheels play a role in load-bearing, guiding, and transmitting traction/braking force during operation, and are the core components that ensure the safety of railway trains. Damage forms of train wheels can be divided into several major types, including wheel tread wear, wheel flange wear, rolling contact fatigue, tread spalling and dents. If wheel damage is not timely controlled, it will accelerate wheel-rail vibration, affect service comfort and even induce damage to other parts of the wheel axle. Therefore, the analysis of failure mechanism of in-situ failed wheel materials can provide theoretical support for wheel maintenance.