The working environment of aviation gears is complex. Its service performance is affected by various service conditions such as contact stress and slip ratio and surface integrity parameters such as surface morphology, residual stress and hardness introduced by different surface treatments represented by shot peening. The contact fatigue performance under different service conditions and surface treatments has not yet formed a quantitative conclusion, which seriously affects the forward design and development of a new generation of aviation systems. Aiming at this problem, the work aims to investigate the effect of different service condition parameters and shot peening treatment on the contact fatigue performance of the aviation gear steel. The twin-disk rolling contact fatigue test rig was used to carry out the experiments of AISI 9310 aviation gear steel disk rollers. The rolling contact fatigue lives of carburizing grinding rollers under the service conditions of two contact stresses and three slip ratios were investigated. In addition, the fatigue lives of the rollers under two different surface treatments, carburizing grinding and shot peening, were studied. The white light interferometer, X-ray diffractometer and micro hardness tester were used to measure the surface topography, residual stress and micro hardness of the two surface treatments. Thus, the relation between surface integrity parameters and rolling contact fatigue life was explored. As contact stress increased from 2.5 GPa to 3.0 GPa, the rolling contact fatigue life of the AISI 9310 rollers decreased from 5.30×106 to 1.87×106 by 64.7%. This was because the increase of contact stress aggravated the plastic deformation of the material and increased the crack growth rate. Moreover, it was found that when the slip ratio increased from 10% to 20% and 30%, the rolling contact fatigue life of decreased from 1.87×106 to 1.52×106 by 18.9% and 1.07×106 by 42.8%, respectively. At the same time, the dispersion of contact fatigue life was reduced. The increase of slip ratio increased the friction on the surface of the material, making it easier for the lubricating oil to penetrate into the crack and accelerating the further propagation of the crack, thereby promoting the formation of pits. Furthermore, it was found that shot peening treatment enhanced the surface residual compressive stress of the specimens by 104.3% and introduced a residual compressive stress layer. The surface microhardness was increased by 4.8% at the same time. The surface roughness Sa of the carburized grinding specimen was 0.53 μm, and it was increased to 1.16 μm after shot peening treatment, with an increase of 118.9%. Shot peening also converted the gully tool marks of the specimens into uneven craters and improved surface texture aspect ratio Str to 0.931 0, which facilitated the storage of lubricating oil. Therefore, the rolling contact fatigue life of shot peeing rollers increased from 1.52×106 to 2.76×106 by 87.8% compared to carburizing grinding rollers. In this work, the effect of contact stress, slip rate and surface treatments on the contact fatigue performance of AISI 9310 aviation gear steel is obtained, which provides basic data for the anti-fatigue design and manufacture of aviation gear in China.