Titanium alloy has been widely used in various engineering fields due to the low density, high specific strength and good corrosion resistance. However, low surface hardness and poor wear resistance could result in cavitation erosion damage of titanium alloy in fluid components, reducing the service life of titanium alloy components. Therefore, it is important to investigate the cavitation erosion damage behavior of titanium alloy and develop proper protection strategy. The mechanism and theoretical model of cavitation erosion were firstly introduced. The effects of mechanical properties, surface status, media and solution temperature on the cavitation erosion behavior of titanium alloy were expounded in detail. Various response measures against cavitation erosion damage of titanium alloy were discussed, such as heat treatment, laser surface texture, laser gas nitriding, thermo-chemical treatment, ion implantation, addition of corrosion inhibitors, etc. The specific reasons for improving the cavitation erosion resistance of titanium alloy by corresponding technologies were summarized. Heat treatment technology could improve the cavitation erosion resistance of titanium alloy by regulating the microstructure of titanium alloy. Laser gas nitriding process formed a hard TiN film on the surface of titanium alloy to resist the impact of cavitation bubble collapse. Thermo-chemical treatment could generate a dense ceramic layer + solid solution diffusion layer on the surface of titanium alloy to alleviate the collapse energy of cavitation bubble and prolong the incubation period of cavitation erosion erosion. Ion implantation depending on the solid solution strengthening and dislocation increment strengthening of ions on the surface of titanium alloy reduced the cavitation erosion damage. Finally, the development direction of cavitation erosion damage and protection of titanium alloy were prospected.