Microorganism is widely distributed in nature, and has been utilized in all aspects of human social development due to its advantages of convenience, economy and environmental protection. With the development of the arctic and Antarctic, polar microorganisms have attracted extensive interest because of their unique biological characteristics in adapting to the harsh polar natural environment. Especially, polar microbial polysaccharides are important research branch, which is structurally different from ordinary microbial polysaccharides. It is helpful for normal life activities of microorganisms in extremely cold environment. In addition, the Wzx-Wzy, ABC transporters, synthase-dependent pathways of microbial synthesis of polysaccharides and the relationship between polysaccharides and biofilm formation are also discussed in this paper. Based on this, the effect of polysaccharides on the surface corrosion of metal materials is further extended. By studying the relationship between the characteristics of polar microbial polysaccharides, biofilm formation and metal corrosion, the key factors affecting the mechanism of polar microbial corrosion were explored, providing perspective for the corrosion protection of polar service materials in the future.