Observe the microstructure changes of GCr15 bearing steel and improve the mechanical properties and friction wear properties of GCr15 bearing steel after laser shock processing treatment. The surface of GCr15 bearing steel was strengthened by LSP. The microstructure and mechanical properties of GCr15 bearing steel subjected to LSP were characterized by three-dimensional surface profilometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Microhardness Tester，X-ray residual stress analyzer (LXRD) and friction wear tester. The results show that the dislocation density of GCr15 bearing steel increases after LSP treatment, the distribution of martensite is more uniform and the width decreases, the electron diffraction pattern is in a continuous ring shape that shows there is nanocrystalline structure formation; effectively improve the surface hardness of the material after LSP, which is 5.1% higher than the hardness of the original sample, a residual compressive stress layer is generated on the secondary surface of GCr15 bearing steel, which strength is about 947 MPa and the depth is about 900 μm; the average friction coefficient decreases, the width and depth of the wear scars decrease, the wear rate decreases by 17%-21%, the wear mechanism is mainly abrasive wear, accompanied by a certain degree of adhesion and oxidative wear, it shows that laser shock processing improves the wear resistance of GCr15 bearing steel. Laser shock processing increases the dislocation density of GCr15 bearing steel, martensite is crushed，the number of carbides increase and particle size reduces; improve the hardness of GCr15 bearing steel and build a residual compressive stress layer; grain refinement and the residual compressive stress that is released during the sliding dry friction can effectively improve the wear resistance of GCr15 bearing steel.