Self-healing materials, inspired by the natural skin of animals, are an emerging material that can recognize damage and repair itself. This kind of material can be applied to the surface of engineering equipment or the substrate of smart devices to repair cracks and mechanical damage, and prolong the working life of the equipment. Furthermore, materials that can achieve self-healing in extreme environments (low temperature, underwater, strong acid, strong alkali, etc.) have a more promising prospect in industrial applications. However, it is greatly difficult to develop such kind of material. This paper overviews the current research progress of intrinsic elastomers that can achieve self-healing in extreme environments. Firstly, the specific mechanism of the reversible breaking of dynamic covalent bonds and supramolecular interactions in the elastomer network to achieve intrinsic self-healing is explained, including disulfide metathesis/diselenide bonds, imine bonds, hydrogen bonds and metal-ligand coordination which are widely used in the fabrication of extreme self-healing elastomers. Then, the recent advances of elastomers achieved self-healing in different extreme environments (low temperature, aqueous environments and combinatorial environments) are introduced in detail. They are mainly summarized from the aspects of preparation methods and self-healing performance. Subsequently, the applications of extreme self-healing biomimetic materials in the field of engineering equipment and smart devices such as protective coatings, flexible electronics, energy-storage devices and sealing elements are summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and future development of biomimetic materials achieved self-healing in extreme environments are analyzed. This review aims to provide information support for the design of self-healing biomimetic materials in extreme environments, with a view to further expanding their practical applications in polar regions, aerospace, marine exploration, biomedicine and other fields.