As traditional methods have no significant effect on improving the anti-erosion performance of centrifugal fan impeller, the anti-erosion performance of bionic centrifugal fan impeller based on the excellent anti-erosion mechanism of desert tamarisk was studied from the perspective of bionics. The bark of tamarisk and willow was respectively tested by tensile tests and erosion tests to analyze the anti-erosion performance of the tamarisk bark qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on the morphological characterization tests of the tamarisk trunk and branches, the bionic surface model was established, and Fluent was used to carry out numerical simulation to compare and analyze the anti-erosion performance and mechanism of different bionic surface models. The design and manufacture of the centrifugal fan erosion test equipment referred to ASTM-G76-83 standard. Based on numerical simulation and visualization research on erosion performance of the fan impeller, the centrifugal fan impeller with bionic surface was designed and processed. The erosion test was carried out to evaluate and analyze the influence of various factors on the erosion performance of the impeller. The elastic modulus of the tamarisk bark (509.17 MPa) was significantly larger than that of the weeping willow bark (313.19 MPa). The maximum erosion (21.6 mg) of tamarisk bark was lower than the minimum erosion (24.1 mg) of willow bark, which indicated that the bark of tamarisk had better anti-erosion performance. Further, the characterization test of the bark morphology of tamarisk showed that there were a lot of special morphologies, such as grooves and convex bumps, distributed on its body surface. Through simulation, it was found that compared with the smooth surface, these special morphologies could effectively reduce the erosion wear of the surface caused by particles. Based on the erosion test of the sample, it showed that the main and secondary factors affecting the erosion performance of the impeller were:element shape, spacing, and element size. Thus, the optimal sample combination was:V-shaped groove, spacing 2 mm, element size 4 mm. The bark of tamarisk has excellent anti-erosion performance, which is closely related to the special morphologies of its surface. The impeller of the bionic centrifugal fan based on the special shape of tamarisk has better anti-erosion performance than the smooth impeller. It is found that the anti-erosion performance of the optimal sample combination is 28.97% higher than that of the traditional smooth part.