The traditional surface nanocrystallization mostly adopt mechanical treatment, which generates nanometer layers with high strength and hardness on the material surface by severe plastic deformation (SPD), but the surface roughness is high and there is serious concentrated stress deformation. In ultrasonic surface rolling (USRP) nanotechnology, the rolling head processes the material surface according to the predetermined route, and at the same time changes the surface roughness and strength hardness. The mechanism and parameters of USRP surface nanofilization process are introduced. USRP causes repeated annihilation and regeneration of crystal defects, high level fault energy materials can be refined to nanometer size by “dislocation segmentation” method. According to the domestic and international situation, before and after USRP treatment the changes of material properties are analyzed by combining with grain refinement mechanism, including surface roughness and residual stress, diffusion property, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance and wear resistance. The effects of USRP composite process on the material properties are comprehensively described, including plasma nitriding (PN), high-energy ion injection and infiltration (HEII), heating assistance, etc. The severe SPD increases the material surface activity and accelerates the nitriding reaction. After USRP+HEII treatment, there is no fatigue wear at high rotation speed, and the wear resistance and fatigue performance were improved. Heating assisted USRP to achieve grain refinement and strain strengthening. The surface nanometer and high hardness Al2O3 film were realized simultaneously by Al2O3 powder combined with USRP. The mechanism of middle and low level fault-energy nanorization is deeply studied, and study on strengthening USRP process standard to enhance the development of USRP composite process.