Laser cladding is one of the important technical methods for surface modification of titanium alloys, and has become a current research hotspot. The research status of cladding materials, phase composition and strengthening mechanism of laser cladding high-temperature and oxidation-resistant, corrosion-resistant, wear-resistant and bio-ceramic coatings on titanium alloys at home and abroad was summarized. The high-temperature and oxidation resistant coating was mainly attributed to the oxygen barrier effect of TiO2, Al2O3 and other phases, which improved the oxidation resistance of titanium alloys at high temperature; the corrosion-resistant coating was mainly due to the solid solution strengthening of TiN and Ti2Ni phases and the fine-grained strengthening of martensitic α‘, which improved the corrosion resistance; the wear-resistant coating mainly improved the wear resistance due to the dispersion strengthening of TiC, TiB, TiB2 and other phases; and bio-ceramic coating enhanced the biocompatibility of titanium alloys due to the presence of HA, CaO and other phases. Then, the main defects such as un-melted particles, spheroidization effect, cracks, pores and inclusions caused by the differences in thermal properties between the cladding material and the substrate, improper sample pretreatment, and improper process control were described, and the laser power, scanning speed and other process parameters were regulated to preheat the base material and introduce protective gas and add appropriate component additives to control and improve related defects. Finally, the development direction of laser cladding coating and technology on the surface of titanium alloy was prospected.