The work aims to solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by erosion of rust liquid at the initial stage of bare use of weathering steel. A new rust stabilization treatment solution for weathering steel surface was prepared. The effect of surface treatment solution on the rust structure and anticorrosion of weathering steel in the stimulated industrial atmosphere was investigated through periodic immersed corrosion test, rust microscopic analysis and electrochemical measurement. The open circuit potential of weathering steel was reduced from -0.395 V to -0.475 V after surface treatment. There was a continuous oxide layer formed on the surface of steel. After 16 days of corrosion, compared to bare steel, the corrosion rate of weathering steel after surface treatment was reduced from 0.209 mg/(cm2?d) to 0.106 mg/(cm2?d). The corrosion rate was reduced by 49%. The potential of rust layer was increased from -0.216 V to -0.073 V after surface treatment and increased by 66%. The current density was reduced from 7.41 μA/cm2 to 1.58 μA/cm2 and reduced by 79%. The content of α-FeOOH in rust layer after treatment was increased from 2.96% to 4.46% and increased by 51%. On the contrary, the content of γ-FeOOH was reduced from 2.06% to 1.65%. After surface treatment, Cu and Cr elements were aggregated at the juncture between the rust layer and the substrate and in the rust layer. Thus, the treatment solution reduces the OCP and rapidly forms a continuous rust layer on the surface of weathering steel. Enrichment of Cu and Cr elements in the rust promotes the conversion of γ-FeOOH to α-FeOOH and increases the electrochemical protection property of rust layer, which improves the electrochemical protection of rust layer, reduces the corrosion rate and shortens the stabilization process.