The paper aims to obtain the distribution of pressure field and velocity field around cylindrical surface by finite element simulation method, to establish the material removal function of cylindrical shear thickening polishing in combination with the correction coefficient obtained by fitting the experimental results. The computational fluid dynamics simulation software CFX was used to simulate the flow of the polishing liquid in the shearing thickening process of cylindrical curved surface. By comparing the simulated value and experimental measurement value of the force applied to the workpiece, the fluid rheological property correction coefficient Kv was obtained. Based on the simulated surface pressure field and polishing fluid velocity field, the material removal function of shear thickening polishing cylindrical curved was established based on Preston equation. With stainless steel 316 curved cylinder as the target of polishing experiment, the material removal function was obtained based on the measurement result of removal rate. The result showed that the fluid rheological property correction coefficient Kv=40.1, the error of the pressure output value of the modified model and the experimental measurement after correction was 4.7%, the equation coefficient of the Preston equation removal function was calculated to be Kc=28.85, the material removal function presents a distribution law of approximate sinusoidal function throughout the cylindrical surface and was exponentially related to the polishing speed. The polishing simulation and experimental results were in good agreement, and the error was within 5%, indicating the effectiveness of the simulation model. The distribution law of pressure field and velocity field on the surface of cylindrical curved surface during shear thickening polishing can be well revealed by CFX simulation. The material removal function established based on Preston equation. And the establishment of this shear thickening polishing removal function is not only applicable to regular cylinders, but also suitable for the establishment of shear thickening polishing removal function for other shape workpieces.