The work aims to study the effects of different process parameters on the surface properties of titanium alloy in the ultrasonic burnishing process, to obtain the processing parameters of the best workpiece surface quality. By the ultrasonic processing technology, Titanium alloy TC4 was tested with one-dimensional ultrasonic vibration burnishing device and CA6140B/A lathe and the theoretical model of ultrasonic burnishing pressure and residual stress was established on the basis of the Hertz theory. Then, the effect of different ultrasonic burnishing pressure on residual stress was simulated by the ABAQUS software. Through comparative analysis, the variation trend of the simulation results was the same as the experiment results. When other processing parameters were constant, the surface residual stress first increased and then decreased with the increase of the burnishing pressure, and the residual stress was the largest at 600 N burnishing pressure. The surface roughness measured by super depth of field and roughness meter reached a minimum when the burnishing pressure was 600 N, and the quality could be better when the burnishing pressure was 500~800 N, and surface damage and cracks occurred when the burnishing pressure was over 800 N. The surface hardness and the degree of hardening measured by the microhardness tester increased with the increment of the burnishing pressure, indicating that the surface hardness was not smaller when the surface hardness was larger. Through the analysis on metallographic structure and XRD phase, the degree of plastic deformation increased with the increment of burnishing pressure, and the weaker the β-Ti diffraction peak was, the more refined the grain refinement was. The ultrasonic burnishing pressure parameters can produce good processing effect in a certain range, which provides theoretical basis for ultrasonic burnishing of titanium alloy materials.