The work aims to study the change rule of the surface properties of aluminum alloy after shot peening, and obtain the corresponding relationship between the surface material characteristics and SP parameters. Firstly, Box-Benhnken design method (BBD) was used to design 3-level and 3-factor shot peening experiment with shot peening pressure, projectile size and jet distance as independent variables and the surface residual stress and deformation as responses. The FEM of multi-projectile impact aluminum alloy sample was established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The surface stress and the deformation at the crater were obtained according to the experiment. Then, Design-Expert software was adopted to fit the values to obtain the multiple regression quadratic equations, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the interaction between the various factors. At the same time, according to analysis of variance of the function models, the degree of model-fitting was identified. Finally, with the 7075-T651 aluminum alloy as the sample, the shot peening test was carried out. Combined with the XRD stress test and the optical microscopic observation of the crater section, the stress value and the deformation value were obtained to verify the accuracy of the model. The adjusted R2 of the stress function model and the deformation function model were 90.13% and 91.68%, respectively. The deviation between calculated stress value and experimental value was less than 5.5%. The deformation of the section showed that the deformed layer of the sample was approximately the same as calculation value. The result indicated that function model had high accuracy. The function model can quickly and accurately deduce the parameter combination of the SP from the surface stress or deformation of the material, which provides a diversity reference for the surface stress and hardness strengthening of SP.