The work aims to improve the fatigue life and the surface performance of aluminium alloy hole test specimen. Ultrasonic impact strengthening technology was adopted to study the aluminium alloy hole test specimen through experiment and MHV2000 microhardness tester, X ray stress tester and fatigue testing machine were used to measure the microhardness, residual stress and fatigue life of the specimen. Then, SEM was applied to take the microphotos of specimen before and after the reinforcement. According to different impemdance thresholds, the strengthened effects on the hole specimens by main parameters were studied. Through the experiment, the ultrasonic shock processing based on the equivalent impedance control was adopted. If the impedance threshold was 75 ?, the average residual stress of the hole was maximum and the distribution of residual stress from the distance of hole increased first and then decreased. The trend of microhardness of hole wall was consistent and the average increased as the impemdance threshold grew. The reinforced trace was obvious through microstructure and the fatigue fracture of strenthened specimen was neat and uniform with obvious trace of compression. Ultrasonic impact strengthening technology is suitable for small hole component and can improve the fatigue life by 3.1 times. The effective residual compressive stress field can be obtained on the hole surface and the surface microhardness inside the hole doubles.