The work aims to explore the mechanism of TC4 abrasive belt grinding and optimize the quality of surface processing. The geometric model of the abrasive belt per unit area was built based on the assumption of the ordered distribution of abrasive particles and the consistency of the equal height, and a numerical simulation model for the corresponding grinding was established, accordingly. The elastic deformation analysis of contact wheel in grinding process was carried out, and the prediction model of belt grinding force closely related to the indentation was established. According to the TC4’s Johnson-Cook constitutive model and Johnson-Cook shear damage failure criterion, the thermal and force characteristics of the grinding area were simulated. The tangential grinding force increased when the grinding depth increased, and decreased with the increase of belt line speed, while the trend of the change with the depth was greater than that along the belt line speed. The grinding temperature increased when the grinding depth and belt speed increased and the trend of the change along with the belt speed was greater than that along with the depth. The error between the predicted grinding force and the actual experimental value was less than 9%. By analyzing the experiment data, the optimal processing parameters under the experimental conditions were obtained: the abrasive belt line speed of 5 m/s, the feed speed of 1 m/min, and the grinding depth of 5 mm. TC4 of ceramic belt grinding was verified to obtain the consistency between the predicted value and the experimental value. The simulation model and prediction model of belt grinding established by such method can nearly predict the grinding force and grinding temperature of belt grinding at TC4 and provide references and guidance for the selection of processing parameters to improve the surface quality of belt grinding.