The work aims to optimize matching method of shot peening process parameters, and to further improve strengthening effect of shot peening. Predefined field and moving vector-based rapid modeling method were adopted to realize simulation of shot peening which covered 100% surface of the peed component. The influences of matching method of shot peening process parameters on surface roughness of peened component and conversion mode of impact energy were researched by using a 3D finite element model (FEM). Provided with shot peening intensity of 0.35 mmN, surface roughness, stress concentration factor, kinetic energy consumption ratio and strain energy conversion ratio corresponding to four kinds of matching methods of shot peening process parameters were (3.156 μm, 2.760 μm, 2.249 μm, 2.081 μm), (1.205, 1.142, 1.103, 1.071), (89.94%, 85.53%, 82.86%, 80.04%) and (7.99%, 9.67%, 11.82%, 14.29%), respectively. Compared with other matching methods of shot peening process parameters, among the used shot peening process parameters, the larger the shot diameter is, the lower the peening speed is, and the lower are surface roughness and stress concentration factor of the peened component, which helps reduce impairment effect of shot peening effect. Provided that initial kinetic energy of shot impact was nearly the same, under the parameter conditions of “a larger shot diameter + a lower impact velocity”, kinetic energy consumption ratio is lower but strain energy conversion ratio is higher, and friction dissipation energy is lower, which contributes to generation of larger plastic strain and residual compressive stress, and also a better effect of shot peening.