The work aims to effects of fine particle peening (FPP) technology on anti-loosening performance of bolts based on experimental test results. Two types of bolts of different hardness (stainless steel bolts and galvanized bolts) were treated by applying FPP technology. Then, repeatedly vibration tests were performed to the aforesaid original and shot-peened bolts with a transverse vibration testing apparatus on a hydraulic servo fatigue tester. Wear morphology of bolt threads where screw-thread fit occurred with a SEM after the tests. The anti-loosening performance of galvanized bolts was 40% lower than that of stainless steel bolts. After the galvanized bolts and stainless steel bolts were treated by particle shot blasting, the anti-loosening performance of the two types of bolts increased by 28% and 15%, respectively. The anti-loosening performance of galvanized bolts improved more remarkably after particle shot blasting. The lower the wear degree was, the better the anti-loosening performance would be. Particle shot blasting treatment can improve hardness of thread surface, wear degree of thread and improve anti-loosening performance of bolts. Improvement effect of particle shot blasting technology on the anti-loosening performance of bolts increases as surface hardness of bolt threads increases.