The work aims to study the effects of cutting parameters on surface integrity evaluation index of 58SiMn high strength steel. Based on single factor- and orthogonal experimental designs, coated carbide-tipped tools were utilized to machine 58SiMn high strength steel. By collecting relevant data, the effects of cutting depth, feed rate and cutting speed variation on surface roughness, residual stress, microhardness and surface microstructure were discussed. Feed rate had most significant effect on surface roughness, cutting speed the second and cutting depth had no direct effect on surface roughness. Residual stress of machined surface increased as the cutting speed and feed rate increased. Microhardness increased as the cutting depth increased and decreased as the feed rate increased. Microhardness at layer depth first decreased and then increased. Cutting speed had no obvious effect on surface microstructure, and no significant phase transition and grain distortion was present. The most effective method of reducing surface roughness is decreasing feed rate. Increasing cutting speed has no significant effect in this regard. Axial and tangential residual stresses are both tensile. In order to improve usability of parts, corresponding measures shall be taken to transfer the stresses to compressive ones.