Objective To study the effect of rolling deformation on the electrochemical behavior of 690 Alloy. Methods Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and high temperature and pressure immersion tests, combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of 690 alloy heat transfer tubes with different degrees of deformation in the nuclear simulation solution. Results Under the atmospheric pressure, the corrosion potential of 690 alloy with 50% deformation was 140 mV larger than that of 690 alloy with 25% deformation. Furthermore, the passive current density of the former was significantly declined and the impedance modulus was 10 times higher. After soaking at high temperature and high pressure, XPS results showed that when the experiential materials were immersed for 200 h, 690 alloy with 50% deformation had a higher Cr2 O3 content in the corrosion product film than 690 alloy with 25% deformation, and its dense inner layer of Cr-rich oxide film was much thicker. Conclusion The passivation film and corrosion products layer formed on the surface of alloy 690 with 50% deformation had a better protective effect on the substrate.