辐射冷却涂层材料结构特征及作用机制研究进展

李璐澜; 刘璐璐; 黄高; 张雄; 田丰; 安江峰; 吴军

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.018

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (20) : 256-271. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.018

功能表面及技术

辐射冷却涂层材料结构特征及作用机制研究进展

李璐澜¹, 刘璐璐^1,2, 黄高¹, 张雄¹, 田丰¹, 安江峰^1,2,*, 吴军^1,3

作者信息 +

Recent Advances in Structural Characteristics and Mechanisms of Radiative Cooling Coating Materials

LI Lulan¹, LIU Lulu^1,2, HUANG Gao¹, ZHANG Xiong¹, TIAN Feng¹, AN Jiangfeng^1,2,*, WU Jun^1,3

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

辐射型无源冷却涂层利用材料自身的光热特性,在无需外部能量输入的条件下即可实现高效降温,是一种兼具优异降温性能和节能减排优势的绿色热管理技术,近年来受到广泛关注。本文系统综述辐射冷却的基本原理、技术优势及结构调控策略。涂层辐射冷却性能的本质来源于材料结构对光-热能量交换的调控,其结构特征直接决定太阳光波段的反射能力以及大气窗口波段的热辐射能力。在此基础上,本文围绕涂层的宏观结构与微观结构调控策略,重点阐述了近年来辐射冷却涂层的研究进展。宏观结构方面,归纳了材料表面结构、多孔结构、多层异质结构等调控方法,阐述了材料粗糙度、孔隙特征、多层结构等因素通过调节太阳光反射率和大气窗口热辐射率来影响涂层材料辐射冷却性能;微观结构方面,分析了仿生结构、光子辐射冷却结构、微纳颗粒复合结构等调控方法,阐述了粒子形貌与尺寸、粒子空间分布排列、折射率匹配、核壳结构设计等因素通过调节太阳光反射率和大气窗口热辐射率来影响涂层辐射冷却性能。最后对全文进行总结,并展望了辐射冷却性能提升的未来发展方向。

Abstract

The energy crisis and global warming have become critical challenges that human society must urgently address. Conventional active thermal management systems are characterized by high energy consumption and low cooling efficiency, thereby exerting significant impacts on the global environment and economy. As a sustainable thermal management technology capable of achieving efficient heat dissipation and temperature regulation without external energy input, radiative cooling coatings demonstrate remarkable cooling performance and considerable potential for energy conservation and emission reduction, attracting widespread attention in recent years. This paper aims to review relevant domestic and international studies and representative achievements, and systematically analyze and evaluate the fundamental principles of radiative cooling as well as the structural regulation strategies of radiative cooling coatings.
Firstly, the fundamental principles and material characteristics of radiative cooling are introduced. Radiation cooling mainly involves radiative emission and solar reflection effects, both of which are affected by multiple factors such as material type, material structure, and temperature. Specifically, the radiative emission effect and reflection effect are governed by the emissivity and reflectivity of the material. A typical strategy for achieving radiative cooling is to minimize solar absorption with highly reflective materials while dissipating heat outward in the form of electromagnetic radiation through utilizing materials with high infrared emissivity.
The performance of radiative cooling coatings can be enhanced by regulating both macroscopic and microscopic structures to optimize their optical properties. Macroscopic structural regulation is primarily intended to satisfy diverse application requirements and mainly includes surface structures, porous structures, and multilayer heterogeneous structures. For identical materials, rough surface structures can significantly increase the effective radiative area of the surface, and their coherent reflectivity is substantially lower than that of smooth surfaces; therefore, higher surface roughness generally corresponds to higher emissivity. Porous structures with high porosity tend to form three-dimensional interconnected networks, generating random surface roughness that promotes diffuse reflection and reduces specular reflection losses. Increasing the porosity of porous structures can simultaneously enhance solar reflectivity while weakening infrared emissivity; consequently, an appropriate balance can be achieved between the two to optimize cooling performance. Multilayer heterogeneous structures combine the intrinsic properties of materials with macroscopic structural design to directly realize efficient spectral separation, among which the most common approach is the alternating stacking of metallic reflective layers and scattering dielectric layers. Microscopic structural regulation can further optimize the optical properties and cooling performance of radiative cooling coatings while broadening their potential applications. Such strategies mainly include biomimetic structures, photonic radiative cooling structures, and micro/nanoparticle composite structures. Biomimetic structures exhibit excellent radiative cooling performance; however, they suffer from high fabrication costs and limited universality in practical applications. Photonic radiative cooling structures offer flexible functional tunability and overcome the limitations of natural materials, yet they require extremely high fabrication precision and are difficult to scale up for mass production. In contrast, micro/nanoparticle composite systems disperse micro- and nanoparticles within a matrix as scattering or emission units, thereby regulating the effective optical constants of the coating at the microscopic scale and overcoming the practical limitations associated with biomimetic and photonic structures. Further studies demonstrate that integrating macroscopic and microscopic structural design strategies can significantly improve the radiative cooling performance of coatings. By screening high-performance radiative cooling particles through micro/nanoparticle composite structures and incorporating them into porous architectures, high-performance radiative cooling coatings can be fabricated. This integrated regulation strategy has become an important research direction in the field.
At present, research on radiation cooling coatings mainly focuses on the modification of traditional radiation particles, whereas insufficient attention has been paid to the role of material microstructures in achieving efficient radiative cooling. In practical applications, challenges such as considerable operational heat losses and difficulties in commercialization still remain. Future studies should focus on the screening and design of coating particle microstructures as well as the optimization of macroscopic architectures. By further improving the underlying mechanisms and design strategies, radiative cooling coatings are expected to evolve from single-function cooling materials toward multifunctional, intelligent, and application-adaptive systems.

导出引用

李璐澜, 刘璐璐, 黄高, 张雄, 田丰, 安江峰, 吴军. 辐射冷却涂层材料结构特征及作用机制研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(20): 256-271

LI Lulan, LIU Lulu, HUANG Gao, ZHANG Xiong, TIAN Feng, AN Jiangfeng, WU Jun. Recent Advances in Structural Characteristics and Mechanisms of Radiative Cooling Coating Materials[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(20): 256-271

中图分类号： TB34

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