受水生生物启发的被动减阻技术的研究进展

孙家宝; 吴晨晨; 杨跃权; 杨玉玲; 廖俊斌; 朱丽静; 曾志翔

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.017

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表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (20) : 243-255. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.20.017

功能表面及技术

受水生生物启发的被动减阻技术的研究进展

孙家宝¹, 吴晨晨¹, 杨跃权¹, 杨玉玲², 廖俊斌¹, 朱丽静^2,*, 曾志翔^2,*

作者信息 +

Review on the Progress of the Passive Drag Reduction Technology Inspired by Aquatic Organisms

SUN Jiabao¹, WU Chenchen¹, YANG Yuequan¹, YANG Yuling², LIAO Junbin¹, ZHU Lijing^2,*, ZENG Zhixiang^2,*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

仿生被动减阻材料立足于表界面科学与流体力学的前沿交叉领域,旨在通过耦合材料本征属性与微纳尺度拓扑形貌,实现对界面动量输运及湍流相干结构的靶向调控,突破海洋航行时能量耗散的瓶颈。本文从微观尺度下的表界面效应角度出发,聚焦于通过微结构与物性场的协同设计以重构近壁面边界层的动量输运路径这一仿生被动减阻本质,系统综述了鲨鱼皮、鱼鳞、柔性壁及超疏水表面4种典型仿生策略的减阻机理、研究进展及表面构建方法,如鲨鱼皮沟槽结构通过减小湍流边界层近壁涡旋、抑制涡旋展向运动;鱼鳞以覆瓦状方式叠加排列,引导水流沿表面顺向流动,减少流动分离和涡旋的产生;柔性壁面随流场脉动产生适应性弹性形变,延缓层流向高阻力湍流的转捩过程;超疏水表面通过气膜层减少固液界面的接触面积、弱化固液界面黏滞摩擦阻力。同时,系统梳理了各策略在表面构建中的关键技术瓶颈,包括鲨鱼皮微结构的规模化精准复制、柔性材料的耐海洋环境老化性能、超疏水表面的气膜稳定性与耐久性等问题。最后,结合表界面科学与流体力学的前沿进展,展望了仿生被动减阻材料的未来发展方向,为仿生减阻技术的研究与应用提供借鉴。

Abstract

Biomimetic passive drag reduction materials emerge as a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary research frontier that synergistically integrates surface and interface science, fluid mechanics, materials science, and bionic engineering. Passive drag reduction strategies rely on the intrinsic structure and physicochemical properties of the surfaces and interfaces without additional external energy input. By rationally coupling the inherent characteristics of matrix materials with precisely designed micro-nano topological morphologies, such materials enable the targeted manipulation of interfacial momentum transport behaviors and the modulation of near-wall turbulent coherent structures, thereby addressing the critical bottlenecks of excessive energy consumption and hydrodynamic loss that severely restrict the efficiency, endurance, and economic benefits of marine navigation. This review presents a comprehensive and in-depth elucidation of the underlying mechanisms governing biomimetic passive drag reduction from the microscale surface and interface effect perspective, with a central focus on the fundamental principle of reconstructing momentum transport pathways within the near-wall turbulent boundary layer via the synergistic design of micro-nano structures and physical fields. The state-of-the-art research progress, intrinsic drag reduction mechanisms, and advanced surface fabrication technologies corresponding to four representative and widely investigated biomimetic strategies were systematically summarized, including shark-skin-inspired riblet structures, fish-scale-derived hierarchical surfaces, flexible wall coatings mimicking biological soft tissues, and superhydrophobic surfaces inspired by water-repellent biological prototypes. For each biomimetic system, the review elaborated on how micro-nano topological features and interfacial physicochemical properties interacted with fluid flow to suppress turbulent generation, weaken momentum exchange between fluid layers, reduce wall shear stress, and stabilize near-wall flow states, thereby achieving efficient and stable drag reduction under different flow conditions. Specifically, the sharkskin groove structure could reduce the near-wall vortex of the turbulent boundary layer and inhibit the spanwise motion of the vortex. The fish scales were arranged in a tiled pattern, guiding the water flow to flow smoothly along the surface, thereby reducing the occurrence of flow separation and vortices. The flexible wall produces adaptive elastic deformation with the fluctuation of the flow field, and the transition of the delay layer to the high resistance turbulence. The superhydrophobic surface reduced the contact area of the solid-liquid interface and weakened the viscous frictional resistance at the solid-liquid interface through an intermediate gas film layer. Furthermore, this review conducted a thorough analysis of the pivotal technical challenges and practical limitations that impeded the large-scale engineering application of each biomimetic surface construction strategy. These challenges included the scalable and high-precision replication of shark-skin microstructures with complex three-dimensional morphologies, the poor aging resistance and insufficient marine environmental durability of flexible polymer coatings, the unsatisfactory long-term stability and weak mechanical robustness of superhydrophobic surfaces that easily failed under physical abrasion and continuous liquid immersion, as well as the significant performance attenuation caused by the mismatch between laboratory-scale ideal conditions and complex real marine service environments. Finally, the future developmental directions of biomimetic passive drag reduction material were prospected. This work provides systematic theoretical guidance, critical technical references, and innovative research ideas for promoting the fundamental exploration, performance optimization, and industrial application of high-performance biomimetic drag reduction technologies in marine engineering, fluid transportation, and other related fields.

导出引用

孙家宝, 吴晨晨, 杨跃权, 杨玉玲, 廖俊斌, 朱丽静, 曾志翔. 受水生生物启发的被动减阻技术的研究进展[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(20): 243-255

SUN Jiabao, WU Chenchen, YANG Yuequan, YANG Yuling, LIAO Junbin, ZHU Lijing, ZENG Zhixiang. Review on the Progress of the Passive Drag Reduction Technology Inspired by Aquatic Organisms[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(20): 243-255

中图分类号： U661.1 TB34

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