目的 旨在提升激光增材成型316L不锈钢表面耐磨性能并阐明其减磨机理。方法 通过喷丸强化工艺对激光粉末床熔融成型的316L不锈钢表面进行强化处理,系统分析了材料成型制造方式及喷丸工艺参数（丸粒直径与压力）对其组织与摩擦磨损性能的影响。借助摩擦磨损试验机、金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、三维激光共聚焦显微镜（3D/CLM）、维氏显微硬度测试计综合评价了处理前后的表面形貌、截面显微组织、硬度梯度及干摩擦磨损行为,并与相同处理的铸态试样进行对比。结果 喷丸处理能有效消除激光增材成型特有的近表面孔隙缺陷,诱导表层发生剧烈塑性变形,形成厚度60~ 151 μm的细晶硬化层,其中采用0.6 MPa气压和0.3 mm直径丸粒进行喷丸处理时细晶硬化层约为151 μm,硬度约为375HV,较芯部提升约56%,其磨损率较未处理试样磨损率下降约71.8%,较相同处理的铸态试样下降约33.2%。结论 激光增材成型的316L不锈钢表面抗磨损强化效果高度敏感于工艺参数和成型方式,关键在于利用喷丸处理构建一个缺陷少、硬度梯度合理、残余压应力有益的表面状态。处理压力和丸粒直径过小无法产生足够厚度和强度的表面硬化层,接触面以氧化磨损为主要特征;处理压力和丸粒直径过大虽能提高表面硬度,但会因引入微裂纹与粗糙化而诱发疲劳剥落,削弱耐磨性;较优的处理参数（d=0.3 mm,p=0.6 MPa）下能在有效去除原始缺陷的同时避免引入新损伤,磨损机制转变为磨损率较低的二体磨粒磨损,且激光增材成型特有的非平衡多层次组织经喷丸处理后抗磨损性能相较于铸态组织更优秀。
Abstract
Shot peening is an effective method for surface strengthening of metal components. Compared with other surface strengthening techniques, its advantage lies in flexibility, as it is not limited by the shape and position of the component, which can effectively meet the surface strengthening treatment needs of components with complex shapes and curved surfaces in L-PBF (laser powder bed fusion) manufacturing. However, the wear resistance of L-PBF 316L is intrinsically limited by its characteristic defects and anisotropic microstructure. While shot peening is known to enhance surface properties, a systematic understanding of how its parameters dictate the resulting surface integrity and the wear mechanisms in L-PBF 316L remains incomplete. This study aims to address this gap by innovatively correlating shot peening parameters with microstructural evolution and quantitatively linking them to specific transitions in the wear behavior. In order to systematically analyze the influence of shot peening parameters (shot diameter and pressure) on its microstructure and wear properties, the surface morphology, cross-sectional microstructure, hardness gradient, and dry tribological behavior before and after treatment were comprehensively evaluated with a friction and wear tester, an optical microscope (OM), an scanning electron microscope (SEM), an three-dimensional laser confocal microscope, and a Vickers hardness tester. These results were then compared with those of as-cast samples subjected to the same treatment. The results showed that shot peening could effectively eliminate near-surface porosity defects in laser additive manufacturing, induce severe plastic deformation in the surface layer, and formed a fine-grained hardened layer with a thickness of approximately 60-151 μm. When shot peening was performed at a gas pressure of 0.6 MPa and a shot diameter of 0.3 mm, the thickness of fine-grained hardened layer upon the surface of additive manufacturing 316L stainless steel was about 151 μm, with the hardness of about 375HV, which was about 56% higher than that of the core. And its wear rate was reduced by about 71.8% compared with the untreated sample, and by about 33.2% compared with the as-cast sample subjected to the same treatment. The wear resistance enhancement effect of the surface of 316L stainless steel formed by laser additive manufacturing was highly correlated with process parameters and initial forming methods. The key lies in utilizing shot peening to construct a surface state with fewer defects, a reasonable hardness gradient, and beneficial residual compressive stress, rather than blindly pursuing the enhancement of surface hardness. The surface cannot eliminate original pore defects and produce a surface hardened layer with sufficient thickness and strength when treated by shot peening with too small pressure and shot diameter, leading to severe wear characterized by the spalling of loose oxide films. Although excessive shot peening pressure and shot diameter can increase surface hardness, the fatigue spalling would be induced due to the introduction of micro cracks and roughening, leading to the weakening of wear resistance. It is effectively to remove original defects while avoiding the introduction of new damage under optimal processing parameters with pressure of 0.6 MPa and shot diameter of 0.3 mm, in which the wear mechanism transitions to two-body abrasive wear with the lowest wear rate. Furthermore, the non-equilibrium multi-layered microstructure unique to laser additive manufacturing exhibits superior wear resistance compared to the as-cast microstructure after shot peening treatment.
关键词
喷丸强化 /
激光粉末床熔融成型 /
抗磨损性能 /
磨损机制 /
磨损率 /
磨痕形貌
Key words
shot peening /
laser powder bed fusion /
wear resistance /
wear mechanism /
wear rate /
wear scar morphology
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基金
浙江省自然科学基金（LY24E050007）; 浙江省教育厅一般科研项目（Y202455253）; 杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院科研培育基金（KYP0224002）
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