目的 制备具有强耐久性、自修复能力的透明防雾涂层。方法 采用刮涂法,通过调节聚丙烯酸（PAA）和纳米二氧化硅（SiO2）浓度,在玻璃基底上制备了SiO2/PAA防雾透明复合涂层。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱分析（EDS）、紫外可见近红外分光光度计等测试手段,表征涂层的厚度、微观形貌、表面元素组成及透光率,并使用接触角测量仪评估涂层的浸润性。同时,重点探究该涂层的防雾性能、机械稳定性、耐水性、长期服役稳定性及自修复性能。结果 所制备的复合涂层具有优异的透光性能,其中D1涂层的可见光透光率可达91.7%,且在热蒸汽及低温环境下均展现出卓越的防雾效果。力学性能测试显示,该涂层经60次胶带剥离试验和40次砂纸磨损试验后,仍能维持良好的防雾性能;在水中浸泡120 min后,防雾效果无明显衰减;室温放置40 d后,防雾性能依旧稳定。自修复性能测试证实,宽度为60 μm的涂层划痕,在80 ℃热蒸汽环境中仅需30 s即可完全愈合。结论 本研究制备的SiO2/PAA复合涂层兼具优异的防雾性能、耐久性、稳定性及自修复能力,在光学器件、建筑玻璃、汽车玻璃等领域具有广阔的应用前景。
Abstract
To develop transparent antifogging coatings that combine durability with rapid self-healing, a SiO2/PAA transparent antifogging composite coating is fabricated on glass substrates via doctor-blade coating by tuning the concentration ratio of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and nanosilica (SiO2). Transparent antifogging surfaces are essential in fog-prone environments because condensed microdroplets and frost layers strongly scatter light, leading to optical haze and reduced visibility. Although hydrophilic coatings can mitigate fogging by promoting a continuous water film, many reported hydrophilic layers still suffer from limited mechanical robustness and performance decay after scratching or abrasion. Achieving an integrated balance among optical clarity, antifogging efficiency, durability, and damage tolerance therefore remains a key challenge for practical applications. In this work, an organic-inorganic composite strategy was adopted to address these limitations. PAA was used as the primary hydrophilic component because its abundant carboxyl groups interacted strongly with water molecules, enabling rapid adsorption and spreading. SiO2 nanoparticles were incorporated to supply additional hydrophilic silanol groups and to provide an inorganic reinforcement framework that improved mechanical stability and helped maintain coating integrity under external stresses. Prior to deposition, glass substrates were surface-activated (e.g., by plasma treatment) to increase hydroxyl density and surface energy, thereby strengthening interfacial interactions and improving adhesion. Coating slurries were prepared by mixing aqueous PAA and SiO2 dispersions at designed concentrations to form a formulation matrix. Uniform transparent films were then produced by doctor-blade coating followed by thermal curing to obtain continuous composite layers. The coating thickness, microstructure, and elemental composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SEM confirmed continuous and homogeneous coverage, and cross-sectional images indicated a thickness on the order of hundreds of nanometers (≈800 nm for a representative optimized sample). EDS mapping showed uniformly distributed C, O, and Si signals, verifying successful incorporation and dispersion of both organic and inorganic components. Optical transmittance was measured by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, and surface wettability as well as wetting dynamics were evaluated by contact-angle measurements. The composite coatings delivered strong antifogging performance while maintaining high transparency. Among the tested formulations, the optimized D1 coating exhibited a visible-light transmittance of up to 91.7%. Under hot-steam antifogging tests (e.g., exposure above an 80 ℃ water source) and low-temperature antifogging tests (e.g., freezing at subzero temperature followed by return to ambient conditions), coated glass remained clear with minimal fog formation, whereas uncoated glass showed pronounced droplet condensation and markedly reduced legibility. The time-dependent decrease in apparent contact angle supported the antifogging mechanism, indicating rapid water uptake and spreading that favored continuous water-film formation instead of discrete droplets. Mass-change measurements during vapor exposure further suggested appreciable water absorption capacity, which could buffer transient condensation and help sustain antifogging performance. Durability tests demonstrated enhanced resistance to mechanical damage and functional degradation. The D1 coating retained a stable antifogging behavior after 60 tape-peeling cycles and 40 sandpaper-abrasion cycles, indicating robust adhesion and improved wear tolerance. Antifogging performance showed no obvious decline after 120 min of water immersion and remained effective after prolonged ambient storage. Importantly, rapid self-healing was achieved: a surface scratch approximately 60 μm wide could be completely healed within 30 s under 80 ℃ hot-steam conditions. This fast recovery is attributed to reversible hydrogen bonding within the PAA-rich network and water-assisted chain mobility; steam exposure plasticizes the polymer phase, promotes chain diffusion and re-association across the damaged interface, and restores surface continuity. Overall, the SiO2/PAA composite system offers a practical balance among transparency, antifogging efficiency, durability, and rapid self-healing, with a simple and scalable fabrication route for fog-sensitive applications.
关键词
防雾 /
SiO2/PAA复合涂层 /
透明 /
耐久性 /
自修复 /
刮涂法
Key words
anti-fog /
SiO2/PAA composite coating /
transparency /
durability /
self-healing /
blade coating
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基金
国家自然科学基金（22575010, 52472293）; 中国石油集团基础性前瞻性科技专项（2023ZZ11）
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