透明表面防除冰技术：进展、挑战与展望

牛一凡; 吴韬; 王拙汸; 陶幸福

doi:10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.18.013

PDF(11629 KB)

表面技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (18) : 158-178. DOI: 10.16490/j.cnki.issn.1001-3660.2026.18.013

功能表面及技术

透明表面防除冰技术：进展、挑战与展望

牛一凡^*, 吴韬, 王拙汸, 陶幸福^*

作者信息 +

Transparent Surface Anti-icing/Deicing Technologies: Progress, Challenges and Prospects

NIU Yifan^*, WU Tao, WANG Zhuofang, TAO Xingfu^*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

透明防除冰材料因在建筑玻璃、航空风挡、光学传感器及光伏组件等领域兼具光学透过与防除冰功能而受到广泛关注。然而,在保持高可见光透过率的同时实现高效防冰与除冰仍面临显著挑战。近年来,集成超疏水、光热、电热等多种机制的透明协同防除冰材料迅速发展,通过主动-被动协同策略有效提升了延迟结冰、融冰和除冰效率,为突破透明性与防除冰性能之间的限制提供了新思路。本文针对“透明性约束下的多机制协同”的核心问题,概述了透明防除冰材料中被动防冰与主动除冰的基本机制,包括超疏水延迟结冰、低冰黏附超滑表面、光热融冰及电热除冰等,并分析了不同机制在透明体系中的适用性与局限性。在此基础上,归纳了多机制协同透明防除冰材料的构筑策略,总结了不同材料体系在透明性、防冰性能、除冰效率及协同效应等方面的特点。进一步结合建筑玻璃、航空透明部件、光学器件和光伏组件等应用场景,分析了透明协同防除冰材料的工程应用潜力。最后,归纳了当前透明防除冰材料在性能协同、复杂环境稳定性及规模化制备等方面面临的关键问题,并展望了仿生结构、智能响应材料及人工智能辅助设计的发展方向。该综述有助于深化对透明协同防除冰机制与设计规律的认识,并为高性能透明防除冰材料的理论设计与工程应用提供参考。

Abstract

Transparent anti-icing/deicing materials have attracted growing interest owing to their unique ability to simultaneously maintain optical transmittance and mitigate ice accretion in applications such as construction glass, aircraft windshields, optical sensors, and photovoltaic modules, where both visibility and operational safety are critically required. Nevertheless, achieving efficient anti-icing and deicing performance without sacrificing high visible-light transmittance remains a major challenge. In recent years, transparent materials integrating multiple functionalities, including superhydrophobicity, photothermal conversion, and electrothermal heating, have developed rapidly. By coupling passive anti-icing with active deicing strategies, these systems have demonstrated enhanced icing-delay capability, accelerated ice melting, and improved ice removal efficiency, thereby offering a promising route to address the long-standing trade-off between transparency and ice-management performance.
With a focus on the critical challenge of achieving multi-mechanism synergy under transparency constraints, the fundamental mechanisms governing passive anti-icing in transparent materials are first outlined, encompassing superhydrophobic surfaces that delay ice nucleation through nanoscale interfacial engineering and slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) that minimize ice adhesion via liquid-like lubrication layers. Then, active deicing strategies based on photothermal and electrothermal conversion are also systematically analyzed, with a particular emphasis on spectrally selective absorption that enables efficient heat generation without compromising visible-light transmittance. The applicability and inherent limitations of these mechanisms in transparent systems are also critically evaluated. Furthermore, this work highlights the synergistic interactions among different mechanisms elucidating how the integration of passive and active approaches to improve icing-delay capability, reduce ice adhesion strength, and rapid thermal deicing.
Subsequently, the design and fabrication strategies of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials are comprehensively summarized. Typical fabrication methods, including etching, templating, chemical vapor deposition, electrospinning, sol-gel processing, and spray coating, are comparatively analyzed from construction path, structural controllability, and engineering applicability. The relationships between micro/nano structure dimensions and optical properties are further discussed to clarify how subwavelength structures can suppress light scattering while maintaining excellent hydrophobicity or thermal conversion capability.
Furthermore, the application prospects of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials in representative scenarios are discussed in detail. In multiple fields such as transportation, power energy, intelligent buildings, etc., transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials can be applied to the surfaces of automotive windshields, solar photovoltaic modules, smart building glass, etc. Different application scenarios have significantly different performance requirements for materials. Therefore, it's a key research issue to achieve a reasonable balance among multiple performance requirements and achieve targeted optimization through structural control and functional integration.
Finally, the major challenges and future development trends of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing materials are summarized. Although remarkable progress has been achieved, several critical issues still hinder their practical implementation, including insufficient long-term durability under repeated icing/deicing cycles, the trade-off between transparency and anti-icing/deicing efficiency, and difficulties associated with scalable and low-cost fabrication. Future research aims to continue along the lines of multi-mechanism coupling and collaboration, systematic integrated design, and improved engineering reliability. Development direction will focus on additional functional collaboration integration, biomimetic structural design, smart responsive materials, and artificial-intelligence-assisted materials development. This review is expected to provide a systematic understanding of the mechanisms and design principles of transparent synergistic anti-icing/deicing material. It points out the problems existing in current research, and provide useful guidance for the theoretical design and practical implementation of high-performance transparent ice-management systems.

导出引用

牛一凡, 吴韬, 王拙汸, 陶幸福. 透明表面防除冰技术：进展、挑战与展望[J]. 表面技术. 2026, 55(18): 158-178

NIU Yifan, WU Tao, WANG Zhuofang, TAO Xingfu. Transparent Surface Anti-icing/Deicing Technologies: Progress, Challenges and Prospects[J]. Surface Technology. 2026, 55(18): 158-178

中图分类号： TB34

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