目的 提高Q355B钢在工程服役中的耐磨与耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用激光熔覆技术在其表面制备了Ni60/25%WC复合涂层。通过系统设计激光功率（900、1 200、1 500 W）与扫描速度（300、450、600 mm/min）的9组工艺参数实验,深入研究了工艺参数对涂层显微硬度、耐磨性及耐腐蚀性能的影响规律。针对单一性能优化存在的矛盾,将灰色关联度分析法（Grey relational analysis, GRA）与优劣解距离法（TOPSIS）相结合,建立多目标综合评价模型。首先,利用GRA客观确定3个性能指标的权重（磨损体积为0.378,平均显微硬度为0.313,自腐蚀电流密度为0.309）;继而,应用TOPSIS法计算各方案与理想解的相对贴近度,实现工艺参数的全局优化排序。结果 最优工艺参数为激光功率1 200 W、扫描速度450 mm/min,其综合评价值（贴近度Ci）为0.758。微观形貌观察与物相分析表明,该工艺参数下涂层组织致密,主要由γ-(Ni, Fe)固溶体及Cr23C6、CrB和W2C等硬质相组成,顶部为细小的胞状晶。与较差工艺（1 500 W,600 mm/min）相比,最优工艺涂层的晶粒显著细化,平均显微硬度（644.2HV0.2）与耐磨性（磨损体积0.014 6 mm3）相对较优,且耐腐蚀性能良好（自腐蚀电流密度为8.02×10-6 A/cm2）。结论 本研究验证了灰色关联度-TOPSIS法在激光熔覆多目标工艺优化中的有效性与稳健性,为高性能金属基复合涂层的制备提供了科学的参数优选方法与理论依据。
Abstract
The work aims to obtain a Ni60/25%WC coating with excellent performance. Due to its good comprehensive properties and low cost, Q355B steel is widely used in shipbuilding and construction. However, its surface is prone to wear and corrosion. Therefore, this work investigates the effect of laser cladding process parameters on the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the Ni60/25%WC coating, and constructs a comprehensive optimization model combining grey relational analysis (GRA) and the TOPSIS method. Firstly, the weight of each index was determined via GRA normalization, and then TOPSIS was used for multi-objective evaluation to select the optimal process window. Q355B steel was used as the base material. The surface was sandpapered, then ultrasonically cleaned in absolute ethanol for 10 min, and finally dried with hot air. The Ni60 alloy powder and WC powder were mixed in a planetary ball mill at a mass ratio of 3∶1, and then dried in an oven at 80 ℃ for 2 hours. The mixed powder was evenly spread and pressed onto the substrate surface to a pre-set thickness of approximately 1 mm. A laser cladding system (XL-F3000Y-2) was employed to fabricate the coatings. Nine sets of process parameters were designed, combining laser power (900, 1 200, 1 500 W) and scanning speed (300, 450, 600 mm/min). The defocus distance was fixed at +7, and the center distance between adjacent cladding tracks was fixed at 1.2 mm. The microhardness was measured with a Vickers hardness tester (MHVD-1000AT) under a load of 1.98 N and a dwell time of 10 s. The average of three measurements was taken as the result. The friction coefficient and the worn surface profile were tested with a disk-type friction and wear tester (SFT-2M). The electrochemical corrosion behavior was evaluated with an electrochemical workstation (Corrtest CS350M) equipped with a three-electrode system. The worn and corroded morphologies of the coatings were subsequently observed by scanning electron microscopy (Apreo2S) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (UltimMax65). Microhardness, wear volume, and corrosion current density were selected as the responses. The objective weight of each index was obtained through GRA. The optimal process parameters were evaluated and selected with the TOPSIS method, and the results were verified by the equal-weight method. Finally, the samples prepared under the optimal and the worst process schemes were characterized. The microstructure and elemental distribution were analyzed by SEM and EDS, and the phase composition was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD-7000). A Ni60/25%WC composite coating was successfully prepared, and its comprehensive performance was evaluated. The changes in the microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the coating were analyzed. It was found that among the various process parameters, S3 (900 W, 600 mm/min) had the highest hardness, S6 (1 200 W, 600 mm/min) had the best wear resistance, and S5 (1 200 W, 450 mm/min) had the best corrosion resistance. To simultaneously optimize multiple performance indicators, this work adopts a combined method of GRA and TOPSIS for comprehensive evaluation. Through GRA, the weights of the wear volume, microhardness, and corrosion current density were objectively determined as 0.378, 0.313, and 0.309, respectively. The relative closeness of each scheme was calculated with the TOPSIS method. The results showed that laser power had a significant impact on the comprehensive performance of the coating. Excessively high power (1 500 W) caused matrix dilution and grain coarsening, resulting in a decline in overall performance. Finally, the process parameters yielding superior comprehensive performance were determined as a laser power of 1 200 W and a scanning speed of 450 mm/min, with a corresponding relative closeness (Ci) of 0.758. Microstructure analysis indicated that the coating prepared under these parameters presented a dense microstructure, mainly composed of γ-(Ni, Fe) solid solution and uniformly distributed hard phases, including Cr23C6, CrB, and W2C. Compared with the worst process condition (1 500 W, 600 mm/min), the optimal process has a significantly finer microstructure, exhibiting a higher microhardness (644.2HV0.2), better wear resistance (wear volume: 0.014 6 mm3), and superior corrosion resistance (corrosion current density: 8.02×10-6 A/cm2).
关键词
激光熔覆 /
Ni60/WC复合涂层 /
灰色关联分析 /
TOPSIS法 /
多目标优化 /
耐磨耐蚀性
Key words
laser cladding /
Ni60/WC composite coating /
grey relational analysis /
TOPSIS method /
multi-objective optimization /
wear and corrosion resistance
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基金
2023年广东省科技专项资金（“大专项+任务清单”）（SDZX2023004）; 广东海洋大学科研启动经费资助项目（360302032505）; 阳江市合金材料与五金刀剪重点产业人才振兴计划专项资金项目（RCZX2024012）; 广东海洋大学研究生教育创新计划（040502112502）
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